関: olfactory cortex

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the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal

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(内臓,特に脳の)皮質 / (植物の)皮層;樹皮

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/29 23:20:08」(JST)

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In anatomy of animals, the piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex, is a region in the brain, part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon. The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction.

Anatomy and function

The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon.

In human anatomy, the "piriform lobe" has been described as consisting of the cortical amygdala, uncus, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus.^[1] More specifically, the human piriform cortex is located between the insula and the temporal lobe, anteriorly and laterally of the amygdala.^[2]^[3]

The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction, which is the perception of smells. This has been particularly shown in humans for the posterior piriform cortex.^[2]

Phylogeny

Sometimes called the olfactory cortex, olfactory lobe or paleopallium, piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Farther along the phylogenic timeline, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallial hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex.

As mammalian cerebrums developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampal regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallial piriform cortex in humans and Old World monkeys.

Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogenically younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of insectivores than in primates. The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion.

Role in epilepsy

The piriform cortex contains a critical, functionally defined epileptogenic trigger zone, "Area Tempestas".^[4] From this site in piriform cortex chemical and electrically evoked seizures can be triggered. It is the site of action for the proconvulsant action of chemoconvulsants.^[5]

References

^ Estomih Mtui; Gregory Gruener (2006). Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 368. ISBN 1-4160-3445-5.
^ ^a ^b Howard, J. D., Plailly, J., Grueschow, M., Haynes, J. D., & Gottfried, J. A. (2009). Odor quality coding and categorization in human posterior piriform cortex. Nature neuroscience, 12(7), 932-938. Supplementary material, p.4
^ Mai, J. K. & Paxinos, G. (2008). Atlas of the human brain, 3rd edition. San Diego:: Academic Press. Coronal Atlas – Plate 8 (anterior view). online: http://www.thehumanbrain.info/head_brain/hn_horizontal_atlas/horizontal.html
^ Piredda S, Gale K (October 1985). "A crucial epileptogeneic site in the deep prepiriform cortex". Nature 317 (6038): 623–5. doi:10.1038/317623a0. PMID 4058572.
^ Löscher W, Ebert U (December 1996). "The role of the piriform cortex in kindling". Prog. Neurobiol. 50 (5-6): 427–81. doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00036-6. PMID 9015822.

External links

hier-147 at NeuroNames
Diagram
High Resolution Images of Piriform Cortex

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Longitudinal assessment of blood-brain barrier leakage during epileptogenesis in rats. A quantitative MRI study.

van Vliet EA1, Otte WM2, Gorter JA3, Dijkhuizen RM4, Wadman WJ3.Author information 1Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Epilepsy Institute in The Netherlands Foundation (Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.a.vanvliet@uva.nl.2Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.3Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Epilepsy Institute in The Netherlands Foundation (Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.4Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.AbstractThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in the homeostasis of the brain. BBB dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, including epilepsy in which it may contribute to disease progression. Precise understanding of BBB dynamics during epileptogenesis may be of importance for the assessment of future therapies, including BBB leakage blocking-agents. Longitudinal changes in BBB integrity can be studied with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with paramagnetic contrast agents. Although this approach has shown to be suitable to detect major BBB leakage during the acute phase in experimental epilepsy models, so far no studies have provided information on dynamics of the extent of BBB leakage towards later phases. Therefore a sensitive and quantitative approach was used in the present study, involving fast T1 mapping (dynamic approach) during a steady-state infusion of gadobutrol, as well as pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted MRI (post-pre approach). This was applied in an experimental epilepsy model in which previous MRI studies failed to detect BBB leakage during epileptogenesis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with kainic acid to induce status epilepticus (SE). MRI experiments were performed before SE (control) and during the acute (1day) and chronic epileptic phases (6weeks after SE). BBB leakage was quantified by fast T1 mapping (Look-Locker gradient echo MRI) with a time resolution of 48s from 5min before up to 45min after 20min step-down infusion of 0.2M gadobutrol. In addition, T1-weighted MRI was acquired before and 45min after infusion. MRI data were compared to post-mortem microscopic analysis using the BBB tracer fluorescein. Our MRI data showed BBB leakage, which was evident at 1day and 6weeks after SE in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala and piriform cortex. These findings were confirmed by microscopic analysis of fluorescein leakage. Furthermore, our MRI data revealed non-uniform BBB leakage throughout epileptogenesis. This study demonstrates BBB leakage in specific brain regions during epileptogenesis, which can be quantified using MRI. Therefore, MRI may be a valuable tool for experimental or clinical studies to elucidate the role of the BBB in epileptogenesis.
Neurobiology of disease.Neurobiol Dis.2014 Mar;63:74-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.019. Epub 2013 Dec 7.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in the homeostasis of the brain. BBB dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, including epilepsy in which it may contribute to disease progression. Precise understanding of BBB dynamics during epil
PMID 24321435

Olfactory experience modulates immature neuron development in postnatal and adult guinea pig piriform cortex.

He X1, Zhang XM2, Wu J2, Fu J2, Mou L3, Lu DH1, Cai Y1, Luo XG1, Pan A1, Yan XX4.Author information 1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.2Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.3Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.4Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China. Electronic address: yanxiaoxin@csu.edu.cn.AbstractImmature neurons expressing doublecortin (DCX+) are present around cortical layer II in various mammals including guinea pigs and humans, especially enriched in the paleocortex. However, little is known whether and how functional experience affects the development of this population of neurons. We attempted to explore a modulation by experience to layer II DCX+ cells in the primary olfactory cortex in postnatal and adult guinea pigs. Neonatal and 1-year-old guinea pigs were subjected to unilateral naris-occlusion, followed 1 and 2months later by morphometry of DCX+ cells in the piriform cortex. DCX+ somata and processes were reduced in the deprived relative to the non-deprived piriform cortex in both age groups at the two surviving time points. The number of DCX+ cells was decreased in the deprived side relative to internal control at 1 and 2months in the youths and at 2months in the adults post-occlusion. The mean somal area of DCX+ cells showed a trend of decrease in the deprived side relative to the internal control in the youths. In addition, DCX+ cells in the deprived side exhibited a lower frequency of colocalization with the neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN) relative to counterparts. These results suggest that normal olfactory experience is required for the maintenance and development of DCX+ immature neurons in postnatal and adult guinea pig piriform cortex.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 Feb 14;259:101-12. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.056. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
Immature neurons expressing doublecortin (DCX+) are present around cortical layer II in various mammals including guinea pigs and humans, especially enriched in the paleocortex. However, little is known whether and how functional experience affects the development of this population of neurons. We a
PMID 24316472

Neonatal olfactory bulbectomy enhances locomotor activity, exploratory behavior and binding of NMDA receptors in pre-pubertal rats.

Flores G1, Ibañez-Sandoval O2, Silva-Gómez AB2, Camacho-Abrego I2, Rodríguez-Moreno A3, Morales-Medina JC4.Author information 1Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, Mexico; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada. Electronic address: gonzaloflores56@gmail.com.2Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, Mexico.3Laboratorio de Neurociencia Celular y Plasticidad, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain.4Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effect of neonatal olfactory bulbectomy (nOBX) on behavioral paradigms related to olfaction such as exploratory behavior, locomotor activity in a novel environment and social interaction. We also studied the effect of nOBX on the activity of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors during development. The behavioral effects of nOBX (postnatal day 7, PD7) were investigated in pre- (PD30) and post-pubertal (PD60) Wistar rats. NMDA receptor activity was measured with [(125)I]MK-801 in the brain regions associated with the olfactory circuitry. A significant increase in the novelty-induced locomotion was seen in the pre-pubertal nOBX rats. Although the locomotor effect was less marked than in pre-pubertal rats, the nOBX rats tested post-pubertally failed to habituate to the novel situation as quickly as the sham- and normal- controls. Pre-pubertally, the head-dipping behavior was enhanced in nOBX rats compared with sham-operated and normal controls, while normal exploratory behavior was observed between groups in adulthood. In contrast, social interaction was increased in post-pubertal animals that underwent nOBX. Both pre- and post-pubertal nOBX rats recovered olfaction. Interestingly, pre-pubertal rats showed a significant increase in the [(125)I]MK-801 binding in the piriform cortex, dorsal hippocampus, inner and outer layers of the frontal cortex and outer layer of the cingulate cortex. At post-pubertal age, no significant differences in [(125)I]MK-801 binding were observed between groups at any of the brain regions analyzed. These results suggest that nOBX produces pre-pubertal behavioral disturbances and NMDA receptor changes that are transitory with recovery of olfaction early in adulthood.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 Feb 14;259:84-93. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.047. Epub 2013 Dec 1.
In this study, we investigated the effect of neonatal olfactory bulbectomy (nOBX) on behavioral paradigms related to olfaction such as exploratory behavior, locomotor activity in a novel environment and social interaction. We also studied the effect of nOBX on the activity of the N-methyl-d-aspartat
PMID 24295633

Japanese Journal

筋萎縮性側索硬化症における嗅覚障害

武田貴裕,飯嶋睦,内山真一郎
東京女子医科大学雑誌 84(E1), E129-E134, 2014-01-31
筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)における嗅覚障害の臨床的特徴、病理学的背景はあまりよく知られていない。孤発性ALS18例について日本人向け嗅覚同定検査(OSIT-J)および簡易認知機能検査を施行し、OSIT-J低下例について画像病理学的検討を行った。ALS例の平均年齢69.9±7.9歳(対照例の平均年齢70.3±5.1歳)、OSIT-JはALS群平均6.2±2.7点、対照群平均9.2±2.4点とALS …
NAID 110009752566

Analysis of spontaneous regeneration of olfactory structures with emphasis on myelination and re-innervation of cortical areas

Fukushima Nanae,Yokouchi Kumiko,Sakamoto Michio,Sekiguchi Yasuyuki,Koike Hiroki,Kawagishi Kyutaro,Moriizumi Tetsuji
NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 537, 35-39, 2013-03-14
… Neonatal rats were subjected to unilateral LOT transection and simultaneous injection of a retrograde fluorescent tracer into the posterior olfactory cortex to evaluate the degree of transection. … In the completely LOT-transected rats, the regenerated fibers were distributed in the anterior olfactory cortices: the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, and the rostral part of the piriform cortex. …
NAID 120005440139

Anticonvulsant Effects of Fuzi Total Alkaloid on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizure in Mice

, , [他], , , , , , ,
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 123(2), 195-198, 2013
… Administration of PTZ increased c-Fos expression in the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and piriform cortex; …
NAID 130003382589

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「olfactory cortex」「嗅皮質」
関連記事	「piriform」「cortex」

「olfactory cortex」

Piriform cortex
	Piriform cortex from a 14-day-old D2-eGFP (green) mouse stained for enkephalin (red) and DAPI (blue) to show nuclei. Epifluorescence.
	Human brainstem anterior (piriform cortex not labeled, but most of it is visible near #7)
Details
Latin	cortex piriformis
Identifiers
NeuroLex ID	Primary Olfactory Cortex
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]