piping

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. (used of heat) extremely; "the casserole was piping hot" (同)steaming
2. a thin strip of covered cord used to edge hems
3. playing a pipe or the bagpipes
4. retrieval of information from unconnected databases; the situation that exists when it is necessary to climb out of one database in order to climb down into another; sometimes used for protection against wandering hackers
5. crow-sized black-and-white bird; a good mimic often caged (同)piping crow-shrike, Gymnorhina tibicen
6. small plover of eastern North America (同)Charadrius melodus
7. a kind of guan

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉配管,《集合的に》管 / 〈C〉《単数形で》笛の音;かん高い声;鳥のさえずり / 〈U〉笛を吹くこと,管薬器の演奏 / 〈U〉パイピング(衣服などのへり・縫い目につけるひも飾り);(菓子につける)砂糖のひも状の飾り / 笛を吹く / かん高い,ピーピーいう / 平和な,太平の / (飲食物が)熱くてジュージューいうほどに

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/12 15:20:57」(JST)

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For other uses, see Pipe (disambiguation).

For other uses, see Internal erosion, Piping (sewing), Bagpipes, Pipe (fluid conveyance), or Pipe (disambiguation).

Large-scale piping system in an HVAC mechanical room

Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid.

Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of Piping Design (or Piping Engineering). Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process.

"Piping" sometimes refers to Piping Design, the detailed specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called Drafting, Technical drawing, Engineering Drawing, and Design but is today commonly performed by Designers who have learned to use automated Computer Aided Drawing / Computer Aided Design (CAD) software.,

Plumbing is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and businesses. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport nonpotable or potable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.

Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials of construction are Inconel, titanium, chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.

Engineering subfields

Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major subfields:

• Piping material
• Piping design
• Stress analysis

Stress analysis

Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480 or any other applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping under regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and water hammer. This evaluation is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe stress analysis computer programs such as CAESAR.

In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating conditions, so it is necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will have areas of high stress that may be caused by sharp corners in the design, or inclusions in the material.

Wooden piping history

Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center. Later wooden pipes were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel construction. Stave pipes have the advantage that they are easily transported as a compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow structure at the job site. Wooden pipes were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult.

Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature changes as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood afforded some insulating properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood used for water pipes also does not rot very easily. Electrolysis, that bugbear of many iron pipe systems, doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much better electrical insulator.

In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had "peculiar properties" that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and clean indefinitely while iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug itself up with the corrosion.

Materials

The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include:

• Carbon steel.

ASTM A252 Spec Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 Steel Pile Pipe

• Low temperature service carbon steel
• Stainless steel
• Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupro-nickel
• Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass

Standards

There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include:

• ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series
  • ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)
  • ASME B31.3 Process piping
  • ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
  • ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
  • ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
  • ASME B31.9 Building services piping
  • ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by B31.4)
  • ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines
• ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
  • ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles
• API - American Petroleum Institute
  • API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industries—Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems
• EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code
  • EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General
  • EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
  • EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation
  • EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and installation
  • EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing
  • EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional requirements for buried piping
  • PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures
  • EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping
• EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines
• AWS - American Welding Society
• AWWA - American Water Works Association
• MSS – Manufacturers' Standardization Society
• ANSI - American National Standards Institute
• NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
• EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association

See also

• Firestop
• Gasket
• Hydraulic machinery
• Hydrogen piping
• Hydrostatic test
• Pipe network analysis
• MS Pipe, MS Tube

• Piping and plumbing fittings
  • Coupling (piping)
  • Double-walled pipe
  • Elbow (piping)
  • Nipple (plumbing)
  • Pipe cap
  • Street elbow
  • Union (plumbing)
  • Valve
  • Victaulic
• Plumbing
• Plastic pipework
• Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems
• Riser clamp
• Thermal insulation

• Pipeline pre-commissioning

References

Further reading

• ASME B31.3 Process Piping Guide, Revision 2 from Los Alamos National Laboratory Engineering Standards Manual OST220-03-01-ESM
• Seismic Design and Retrofit of Piping Systems, July 2002 from American Lifelines Alliance website
• Engineering and Design, Liquid Process Piping. Engineer manual, entire document • (index page) • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-l-4008, May 1999

External links

• Building services piping links at DMOZ

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Metanephric kidney development in the chicken embryo: Glomerular numbers, characteristics and perfusion.

• Bolin G, Burggren WW.SourceDevelopmental Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
• Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2013 Oct;166(2):343-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.07.011. Epub 2013 Jul 12.
• The developing metanephric kidneys and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) work in unison to ensure ion and water homeostasis in the avian embryo within its egg. This study focused on how avian renal structure and glomerular perfusion change in concert during development, as well as on changes in body fl
• PMID 23850715

• Liquid balance monitoring inside conventional, Retrofit, and bio-reactor landfill cells.

• Abichou T, Barlaz MA, Green R, Hater G.SourceDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32311, USA. Electronic address: abichou@eng.fsu.edu.
• Waste management (New York, N.Y.).Waste Manag.2013 Oct;33(10):2006-14. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.023. Epub 2013 Jun 22.
• The Outer Loop landfill bioreactor (OLLB) in Louisville, KY, USA has been the site of a study to evaluate long-term bioreactor performance at a full-scale operational landfill. Three types of landfill units were studied including a conventional landfill (Control cell), a new landfill area that had a
• PMID 23800647

• The Outer Loop bioreactor: A case study of settlement monitoring and solids decomposition.

• Abichou T, Barlaz MA, Green R, Hater G.SourceDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32311, USA. Electronic address: abichou@eng.fsu.edu.
• Waste management (New York, N.Y.).Waste Manag.2013 Oct;33(10):2035-47. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.02.005. Epub 2013 Mar 31.
• The Outer Loop landfill bioreactor (OLLB) located in Louisville, KY, USA has been in operation since 2000 and represents an opportunity to evaluate long-term bioreactor monitoring data at a full-scale operational landfill. Three types of landfill units were studied including a Control cell, a new la
• PMID 23548509

• Flow cells as quasi-ideal systems for biofouling simulation of industrial piping systems.

• Teodósio JS, Silva FC, Moreira JM, Simões M, Melo LF, Alves MA, Mergulhão FJ.Sourcea Faculty of Engineering, LEPAE - Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
• Biofouling.Biofouling.2013 Sep;29(8):953-66. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2013.821467. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
• Semi-circular flow cells are often used to simulate the formation of biofilms in industrial pipes with circular section because their planar surface allows easy sampling using coupons. Computational fluid dynamics was used to assess whether the flow in pipe systems can be emulated by the semi-circul
• PMID 23906281

Japanese Journal

• 配管検査技術の紹介 (特集 非破壊検査技術の現状と今後)

• 依田 誠子,脇部 康彦,今川 幸久
• 日本海水学会誌 = Bulletin of the Society of Sea Water Science, Japan 68(2), 57-62, 2014-04
• NAID 40020059892

• 自販機用熱交換器の製造技術 (特集 高性能・高機能化を支える技術) -- (熱交換器)

• 倉 馨
• 冷凍 89(1037), 125-128, 2014-03
• NAID 40020020135

• 規格情報 サニタリ配管規格の最新動向(米国 ASME B31.3 ChapterX : High Purity Pipingの紹介)

• 中谷 眞三
• Fooma技術ジャーナル = Technical journal of food machinery 10(2), 47-53, 2014-02
• NAID 40019972865

• EPCにおける配管工事施工管理の最適化 : IPMS(Integrated Piping Management System)による管理 (特集 配管(ポンプ・バルブ・継手)の技術動向と事例)

• 染谷 英男
• 化学装置 56(2), 47-52, 2014-02
• NAID 40019957497

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（衣服・装飾品のへりの）ひも飾り. [形]1 かん高い；〈声・音が〉鋭い.2 笛[管楽器]を吹く.3 平和な（笛の音のする）.piping hot〈飲食物が〉非常に熱い， ...

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