pink

• adj.

• ピンクの、淡紅色の

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. cut in a zigzag pattern with pinking shears, in sewing
2. any of various flowers of plants of the genus Dianthus cultivated for their fragrant flowers (同)garden pink
3. a light shade of red
4. sound like a car engine that is firing too early; "the car pinged when I put in low-octane gasoline"; "The car pinked when the ignition was too far retarded" (同)ping, knock
5. of a light shade of red (同)pinkish
6. of orange tinged with pink (同)pinkish-orange, salmon
7. of a pink color that is close to red
8. pierce with a pin; "pin down the butterfly"
9. flagpole used to mark the position of the hole on a golf green (同)flag
10. cylindrical tumblers consisting of two parts that are held in place by springs; when they are aligned with a key the bolt can be thrown (同)pin tumbler
11. a piece of jewelry that is pinned onto the wearers garment
12. a small slender (often pointed) piece of wood or metal used to support or fasten or attach things
13. informal terms for the leg; "fever left him weak on his sticks" (同)peg, stick
14. attach or fasten with pins or as if with pins; "pin the needle to the shirt". "pin the blame on the innocent man"
15. immobilize a piece
16. the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle; approximately equal to 3.14159265358979323846...
17. the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet
18. a feeling of deep longing

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『桃色,ピング』 / 〈C〉ナデシコ属の植物(ナデシコ・セキチク・カーネーションなど) / 《the pink》《話》最上のもの,極致,粋 / 〈C〉《しばしばPink》《話》左翼的な人,赤がかった人 / 桃色の,ピンクの / 《しばしばPink》左翼的な,赤がかった
2. (刀・やりなどで)…‘を'軽く突く / (飾りやほつれ防ぎのために)〈布・皮など〉‘の'端をぎざぎざに切る,‘に'飾り穴(模様穴)をあける
3. (車のエンジンが完全燃焼せずに)ピューンという音を出す(《米》ping)
4. (洋裁の)端切りはさみ
5. 『ピン』・留め針・《しばしば複合語を作って》ピンの働きをする物 / (留め針の付いた)『記章』,『バッジ』 / (木・プラスチック・金属などの)留めくぎ,掛けくぎ(peg);(弦楽器の)糸巻き / 《複数形で》《英話》脚(legs) / 《a~》《否定文で》ほんのわずか / (ゴルフ・ボウリングの)ピン / (…に)…‘を'『ピンで留める』《+『名』+『to』(『on』)+『名』》 / (人・物事に)〈望み・信頼など〉‘を'かける《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'動けなくする《+『名』+『against』(『to, under』)+『名』》 / 《話》〈罪・過失など〉‘を'(人の)せいだとする《+『名』+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
6. 〈C〉パイ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第16字Π,π;英語のP,pに相当) / 〈U〉円周率(記号はπ)
7. ごちゃまぜの活字 / ごちゃまぜ,混乱

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/12 22:30:44」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

ピンク（Pink）

一般的な事項

• 色のピンク（桃色）。
• 花の名前。ナデシコの一種。
• 帆船の名称。ピンク。
• 猥褻さを含む商品やサービス（ピンクチラシ、ピンク映画など）。
• 欧米においては、やや赤い（共産主義的）という意味から社会民主主義の俗称として用いられる。

固有名詞

人名・グループ名

• ピンク・フロイド - 1965年にデビューした、イギリスの4人組バンド。
• ピンク・レディー - 1976年にデビューした、日本の女性2人組ユニット。
• PINK - 1983年にデビューした、日本のロックバンド。
• PINK SAPPHIRE - 1990年にデビューした、日本の女性バンド。
• BONNIE PINK - 1995年にデビューした、日本の女性シンガーソングライター。
• P!NK - 1996年にデビューした、アメリカの歌手。

地名

• アメリカのオクラホマ州にある町の名前

作品名

• ピンク・パンサー - 1963年に初公開された、映画シリーズのタイトル。
• PINK - 1982年に発表された、鳥山明の短編漫画作品。
  • Pink みずドロボウあめドロボウ - 上記を原作とする、1990年に公開された、東映アニメーションのアニメ映画。
• ピンク - 1985年発売、上記バンドPINKのアルバム。
• pink - 1989年から連載された、岡崎京子の漫画作品。
• PINK - 1998年から連載された、高口里純の漫画作品。
• Pink - 1999年に発売されたSHAZNAの8枚目のシングル。
• pink - 2001年に発売されたshelaの6枚目のシングル。
• Pink ～奇妙な夢 - Mr.Childrenの楽曲。2004年発売のアルバム『シフクノオト』に収録。
• PINK - 2005年発売、日本のバンドBORISのアルバムの名前。

プロジェクト

• ピンクリボン - 乳がん撲滅キャンペーン
• BBSPINK - 2ちゃんねるに類似のインターフェイスを持つ掲示板群。2ちゃんねるの運用を支援しているゼロ社が管理している。
• Pink - アップルコンピュータで開発されていたMac OS後継システムのプロジェクト。のちにIBM合弁のタリジェント社に移管される。

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wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the color pink. For the singer known as Pink (P!nk), see Pink (singer). For other uses, see Pink (disambiguation).

Pink
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FFCBDB
sRGBB  (r, g, b)	(255, 192, 203)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 31, 7, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(350°, 25%, 100%)
Source	HTML/CSS
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Pink is a pale red color, which takes its name from the flower of the same name. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most commonly associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic. When combined with violet or black, it is associated with eroticism and seduction.

Pink was first used as a color name in the late 17th century.

Varieties and uses

See also: Shades of pink

• The color pink takes its name from the flowers called pinks, members of the genus Dianthus.

• In most European languages, pink is called rose or rosa, after the rose flower.

• Cherry blossoms in Senai, Miyagi, Japan. The Japanese language has different words for the pink of cherry blossoms (sakura-iro), and peach blossoms (momo-iro). Recently the word pinku has also become popular.

• Pink is often associated with the exotic. Greater flamingoes in flight over Pocharam Lake in Andhra Pradesh, India.

• Pink is sometimes associated with extravagance and a wish to be noticed. A 1963 pink Cadillac.

• Pink and white together symbolize youth, tenderness and innocence.

Etymology

The color pink is named after the flowers called pinks, flowering plants in the genus Dianthus. The name derives from the frilled edge of the flowers—the verb "to pink" dates from the 14th century and means "to decorate with a perforated or punched pattern" (possibly from German "pinken" = to peck). As noted and referenced above, the word "pink" was first used as a noun to refer to the color known today as pink in the 17th century. The verb sense of the word "pink" continues to be used today in the name of the hand tool known as pinking shears.

History, art and fashion

From the ancient world to the Renaissance

The color pink has been described in literature since ancient times. In the Odyssey, written in approximately 800 BCE, Homer wrote "Then, when the child of morning, rosy-fingered dawn appeared..." Roman poets also described the color. Roseus is the Latin word meaning "rosy" or "pink." Lucretius used the word to describe the dawn in his epic poem On the Nature of Things (De rerum natura).

Pink was not a common color in the fashion of the Middle Ages; nobles usually preferred brighter reds, such as crimson. However, it did appear sometimes in women's fashion, and in religious art. In the 13th and 14th century, in works by Cimabue and Duccio, the Christ child was sometimes portrayed dressed in pink, the color associated with the body of Christ.

In the high Renaissance painting the Madonna of the Pinks by Raphael, the Christ child is presenting a pink flower to the Virgin Mary. The pink was a symbol of marriage, showing a spiritual marriage between the mother and child.

During the Renaissance, pink was mainly used for the flesh color of faces and hands. The pigment commonly used for this was called light cinabrese; it was a mixture of the red earth pigment called sinopia, or Venetian red, and a white pigment called Bianco San Genovese, or lime white. In his famous 15th century manual on painting, Il Libro Dell'Arte, Cennino Cennini described it this way: "The color is made of the hansomest and lightest sinoper obtainable, and it is mixed and worked up with lime white; and this white is made from very white and well-purified lime. And when these two colors are well worked up together, that is, two parts cinabrese and the third lime white, make little cakes of it, like halves of nuts, and let them dry. Whenever you need some, take what you think fit; for this color does you credit in painting countenances, hands, and nudes on the wall."

• The Greek poet Homer wrote of "the child of morning, rose-fingered dawn" in The Odyssey. Sunrise at Serifos, Greece.

• In the early Renaissance, the infant Jesus was sometimes shown dressed in pink, the color associated with the body of Christ. This is the Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels, by Cimabue. (1265–1280)

• In the 1280s, Duccio also painted the Christ child dressed in pink

• A knight in red receiving a helmet from a damsel in pink, from an English manuscript of The Romance of Alexander (1338-1344).

• In the painting Madonna of the Pinks by Raphael, the Christ Child gives a pink flower to the Virgin Mary, symbolizing the union between the mother and child.

The 18th century

The golden age of the color pink was the Rococo Period (1720–1777) in the 18th century, when pastel colors became very fashionable in all the courts of Europe. Pink was particularly championed by Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), the mistress of King Louis XV of France. who wore combinations of pale blue and pink, and had a particular tint of pink made for her by the Sevres porcelain factory, created by adding nuances of blue, black and yellow.

While pink was quite evidently the color of seduction in the portraits made by George Romney of Emma, Lady Hamilton, the future mistress of Admiral Horatio Nelson, in the late 18th century, it had the completely opposite meaning in the portrait of Sarah Barrett Moulton painted by Thomas Lawrence in 1794. In this painting, it symbolized childhood, innocence and tenderness. Sarah Moulton was just eleven years old when the picture was painted, and died the following year.

• Madame de Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV of France, made pink and blue the leading fashion colors in the Court of Versailles. She had a special pink tint created for her by the Sevres porcelain factory. This portrait by Maurice Quentin de la Tour was painted between 1748 and 1755.

• Pink had became a popular color throughout Europe by the late 18th century. It was associated with both romanticism and seduction. This fashion plate is from 1778–1787.

• Emma, Lady Hamilton, later the mistress of Admiral Horatio Nelson, had herself painted by English painter George Romney posing as a Bacchante, dressed in pink. (1782–1784)

• The portrait of Sarah Moulton, popularly known as "Pinkie", by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1794). Here pink represented youth, innocence and tenderness.

The 19th century

In 19th century England, pink ribbons or decorations were often worn by young boys; boys were simply considered small men, and while men in England wore red uniforms, boys wore pink. In fact the clothing for children in the 19th century was almost always white, since, before the invention of chemical dyes, clothing of any color would quickly fade when washed in boiling water. Queen Victoria was painted in 1850 with her seventh child and third son, Prince Arthur, who wore white and pink.

• Queen Victoria in 1850 or 1851 with her third son and seventh child, Prince Arthur. In the 19th century, baby boys often wore white and pink. Pink was seen as a masculine color, while girls often wore white and blue.

• Young boy in pink, American school of painting (about 1840). Both girls and boys wore pink in the 19th century.

• The Impressionist painter Claude Monet used pink, blue and green to capture the effects of light and shadows on a white dress in Springtime (1872).

The 20th century

In the 20th century, pinks became bolder, brighter and more assertive, in part because of the invention of chemical dyes which did not fade. The pioneer in the creation of the new wave of pinks was the Italian designer Elsa Schiaparelli, (1890-1973) who was aligned with the artists of the surrealist movement, including Jean Cocteau. In 1931 she created a new variety of the color, called Shocking pink, made by mixing magenta with a small amount of white. She also created a scandal by launching a perfume of the same name, sold in a bottle in the shape of a woman's bust. Her fashions, co-designed with artists such as Cocteau, featured the new pinks.

In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, inmates of concentration camps who were accused of homosexuality were forced to wear a pink triangle. Because of this, the pink triangle has become a symbol of the modern gay rights movement.

In 1973, Sheila Levrant de Bretteville created "Pink," a broadside meant to explore the notions of gender as associated with the color pink, for an American Institute of Graphic Arts exhibition about color. This was the only entry about the color pink. Various women including many in the Feminist Studio Workshop at the Woman's Building submitted entries exploring their association with the color. De Bretteville arranged the squares of paper to form a "quilt" from which posters were printed and disseminated throughout Los Angeles. She was often called "Pinky" as a result.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Surrounded Islands wrapped wooded islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 6,500,000 sq ft (600,000 m²) of bright pink fabric. Thomas von Taschitzki has said that "the monochrome pink wrappings"..."form a counterpoint to the small green wooded islands."

Many of Franz West's aluminium sculptures were often painted a bright pink, for example Sexualitatssymbol (Symbol of Sexuality). West has said that the pink was intended as an "outcry to nature".

• Shocking pink was a new and more assertive pink invented by Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli in 1931, by mixing a little white with magenta. It became her signature color.

• Jacqueline Kennedy, the wife of President John F. Kennedy, made pink a popular high-fashion color. Here she is in 1962 with French Minister of Culture Andre Malraux at the unveiling of the Mona Lisa on its first visit to America.

• Detail of "Pink," a poster created by Sheila de Bretteville in 1973. It was meant to explore the notions of gender as associated with the color pink, for an American Institute of Graphic Arts exhibition about color.

• Pink combined with black or violet is associated with seduction. Marilyn Monroe in the trailer for the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953).

• Pink lipstick is thought to attract attention and harmonize with flesh colors, clothes and fashion accessories. It is usually colored with synthetic pigments or with carmine, a natural pigment made from the cochineal insect.

Science and nature

Optics

In optics, pink can refer to any of the colors between bluish red (purple) and red, of medium to high brightness and of low to moderate saturation. Although pink is generally considered a tint of red, most variations of pink lie between red, white and magenta colors. This means that the pink's hue is between red and magenta.

Why sunrises and sunsets sometimes look pink

As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles. This is called Rayleigh scattering. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange, red and pink light. The remaining pinkish sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon a pink or reddish glow.

• Sunrise in southeast Alaska. Sunsets and sunrises are sometimes pink because of an optical effect called Rayleigh scattering.

• Sunset in Santa Monica, California.

Geology

• Pink topaz from Ouro Preto, Brazil.

• Corundum, or pink sapphire, from the Dodoma Region of Tanzania

• Calcite from Bou Azzer, Morocco

• Barite-Rhodochrosite from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China.

• Clinochlore from Erzerum Province, Turkey

• The dunes in Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park in Utah are made of fine grains of Navajo sandstone. The pink color comes from grains of reddish hematite mixed with white quartz.

• Angel's Landing in Zion National Park in Utah is made of pink sandstone.

• A pink sand beach on Great Santa Cruz Island in the Philippine Islands.

Biology

• A Strigilla carnaria shell from Dominica, in the West Indies.

• An Ocelated frogfish (Antennarius ocellatus), from East Timor. The frogfish is camoulflaged to look like a rock covered with algae or seaweed; it lies motionless and waits for its prey to come to it.

• The pink iguana of the Galapagos Islands was first identified in 1986 and first recognized as a distinct species in 2009.

• The Pink Dolphin is a freshwater river dolphin which lives in the Orinoco, Amazon and Araguaia/Tocantins River systems of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It is an endangered species and has a brain 40% larger than a human's.

• The so-called "white elephant" is revered in several countries in Southeast Asia and is naturally pinkish gray. They are actually albino elephants.

• The pig has been domesticated over ten thousand years and selectively bred to have a pink skin, without melanin, which farmers traditionally have preferred to a dark color.

• Flamingoes in Laguna Colorada, Bolivia. The pink or reddish color of flamingos comes from carotenoid proteins in their diet of animal and plant plankton. A unhealthy or malnourished flamingo, or one kept in captivity and not fed sufficient carotene, is usually pale or white.

• A Roseate Spoonbill in Myakka River State Park in Florida. Its pink color, like that of the flamingo, comes from the carotenoid pigments in its diet.

• The Lophochroa leadbeateri, commonly known as Major Mitchell's Cockatoo or the pink cockatoo, is a native of the arid interior regions of Australia.

Why cooked beef, cured ham, steamed shrimp and salmon are pink

Raw beef is red, because the muscles of vertebrate animals, such as cows and pigs, contain a protein called myoglobin, which binds oxygen and iron atoms. When beef is cooked, the myoglobin proteins undergo oxidation, and gradually turn from red to pink to brown; that is, from rare to medium to well-done. Pork contains less myoglobin than beef and therefore is less red; when heated it changes from pinkish-red to less pink to tan or white.

Ham, though it contains myoglobins like beef, undergoes a different transformation. Traditional hams, such as prosciutto, are made by taking the hind leg or thigh of a pig, covering it with sea salt, which removes the moisture content, and then letting it dry or cure for as long as two years. The salt (sodium nitrate) permits the ham to retain its original pink color, even when dried out. Supermarket hams are made by a different and faster process; they are brined, or infused with a salt-water solution, containing sodium nitrite, which transfers nitric oxide, which bonds with the myoglobin to form the traditional pink cured ham color.

The shells and flesh of crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp contain a pink carotenoid pigment called astaxanthin. Their shells, naturally blue-green, turn pink or red when cooked. The flesh of the salmon also contains astaxanthins, which makes it pink. Farm-bred salmon are sometimes fed these pigments to improve their pinkness, and it is sometimes also used to enhance the color of egg yolks.

• Roast beef gets its distinctive pink color from myoglobin, which gradually turns from red to pink to brown (rare to medium to well-done) when heated.

• Prosciutto hams also get their pink color from salt combined with the natural protein called myoglobin.

• The shells and flesh of steamed shrimp contain a natural carotenoid pigment called astaxanthin, which turns pink when heated. The same process turns cooked lobster and crab from blue-green to red when they are boiled.

• The meat of the salmon is also colored pink by the natural carotenoid pigment called astaxanthin.

Plants and flowers

Pink is one of the most common colors of flowers; it serves to attract the insects and birds necessary for pollination and perhaps also to deter predators. The color comes from natural pigments called anthocyanins, which also provide the pink in raspberries.

• A pink rose in the rain.

• A clematis Chantilly.

• A pink hibiscus from Australia.

• Pink tulips in the botanical gardens of Moscow State University.

• A pink dahlia

• A pink peony.

• A flower of a magnolia tree

• A pink rhododendron

• Spiraea japonica flowers.

• A Japanese cherry tree (Prunus serrulata) in bloom.

• Pink hyacinth flowers

• Phlox paniculata

Pigments - Pinke

Main article: Pinke (color)

In the 17th century, the word pink or pinke was also used to describe a yellowish pigment, which was mixed with blue colors to yield greenish colors. Thomas Jenner's A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing (1652) categorizes "Pink & blew bice" amongst the greens (p.  38), and specifies several admixtures of greenish colors made with pink—e.g. "Grasse-green is made of Pink and Bice, it is shadowed with Indigo and Pink … French-green of Pink and Indico [shadowed with] Indico" (pp. 38–40). In William Salmon's Polygraphice (1673), "Pink yellow" is mentioned amongst the chief yellow pigments (p. 96), and the reader is instructed to mix it with either Saffron or Ceruse for "sad" or "light" shades thereof, respectively.

Sonics

• Pink noise ( sample ), also known as 1/f noise, in audio engineering is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density is proportional to the reciprocal of the frequency.

Pink in symbolism and world culture

Common associations and popularity

According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic. Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two-percent of respondents, compared with forty-five-percent who chose blue. Pink was the least-favorite color of seventeen percent of respondents; the only color more disliked was brown, with twenty percent. There was a notable difference between men and women; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it with mauve. Pink was also more popular with older people than younger; twenty-five percent of women under twenty-five called pink their least favorite color, compared with only eight percent of women over fifty. Twenty-nine percent of men under the age of twenty-five said pink was their least favorite color, compared with eight percent of men over fifty.

Pink in other languages

In most European languages, the color pink is the name of the rose flower; rose in French and Dutch; rosa in German, Portuguese, Spanish and Italian; rozoviy in Russian; and różowy in Polish. In Finnish it is called pinkki.

In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink, Momo-iro (ももいろ), takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom: sakura-iro. In recent times a word based on the English version, Pinku (ピンク), has begun to be used.

In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "pale red".

Idioms and expressions

• In the pink. To be in top form, in good health, in good condition. In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio says; "I am the very pink of courtesy." Romeo: Pink for flower? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump is well flowered."
• To see pink elephants means to hallucinate from alcoholism. The expression was used by American novelist Jack London in his book John Barleycorn in 1913.
• Pink slip. To be given a pink slip means to be fired or dismissed from a job. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
• The phrase "pink-collar worker" refers to persons working in jobs conventionally regarded as "women's work."
• Pink Money, the pink pound or pink dollar is an economic term which refers to the spending power of the LGBT community. Advertising agencies sometimes call the gay market the pink economy.
• Tickled pink means extremely pleased.

Architecture

Early pink buildings were usually built of brick or sandstone, which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use the color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention.

• Malbork Castle in Poland, built by the Teutonic Knights in 1440, is the largest brick structure in the world.

• The Agra Fort, also known as the Red Fort, in Agra, Pradesh, India was built between 1558 and 1574 by the Mughal emperor Akbar.

• Casa Rosada, or the "Pink House", in Buenos Aires, built between 1713 and 1855 as a fort and then customs house, is the official residence and office of the President of Argentina.

• Ostankino Palace, outside of Moscow, is an 18th-century country house built by Pyotr Sheremetev, then the richest man in Russia.

• Macau Government Headquarters (1849), an example of Portuguese colonial architecture and the Pombaline style in Macau.

• The Royal Hawaiian Hotel in Honolulu, Hawaii, built in 1927, was the first hotel on Waikiki Beach. Its pink color was designed to match an exotic setting, and to contrast with the blue of the sea and green of the landscape.

• The Georgia-Pacific Tower in Atlanta, Georgia (1981), a modernist pink skyscraper.

• Canada Place Building, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (2004) a post-modernist style government office building.

Food and beverages

According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses. Many strawberry and raspberry-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red.

The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial food coloring. The most common pink food coloring is erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, an organoiodine compound, a derivative of fluorone, which is a cherry-pink synthetic. It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal, also called carmine, made with crushed insects of the family Dactylopius coccus.

• Pink is the color most commonly associated with sweet tastes.

• A strawberry ice cream cone. Strawberry is the fourth most popular ice cream flavor in the U.S., after vanilla, chocolate, and butter pecan.

• Cotton candy was first made for the French Royal Court in the 18th century, but did not become popular until the beginning of the 20th century, when an American dentist invented a machine for spinning it quickly and cheaply.

• A macaron with raspberries

• Bunga kuda (also known as bunga pundak) is a traditional dessert in Malaysia, containing a coconut filling.

• Chi chi dango is a sweet dessert made of rice flour. It is of Japanese origin, and very popular in Hawaii.

• A Rosé wine from Bandol, in Provence. Traditional rosé wines get their pink color when they are fermented a short time with dark purple grapeskins.

• Pink champagne takes its color either by being fermented for a short time with the skins of dark purple grapes, or by the addition of a small amount of red wine.

Gender

In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as gender signifiers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender signifier in the 1940s. In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.

Many have noted the contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publication Earnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said:

The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.

One reason for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed. Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in the late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness.

By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became.

One study by two neuroscientists in Current Biology examined color preferences across cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to the reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow end of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the color pink were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on the basis of imagined innate characteristics.

Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. In its 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink model freight train for girls. The steam locomotive and coal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various pastel colors. The caboose was baby blue. It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want a model train would want a realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item.

• In the United States and Europe, baby girls are often dressed in pink and white.

• Boy in a sailorsuit (1920). The blue sailor suit helped make blue instead of pink the color for boys in the 20th century.

• Indian actress Mugdha Godse. In many cultures, pink is associated with femininity.

• Women of the Herero people from Namibia. Pink stands out.

• Three nuns in pink in Yangon, Burma.

Sexuality

As noted above, pink combined with black or violet is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction.

• In street slang, the pink sometimes refers to the vagina.
• In Russian, pink (розовый, rozovyj) is used to refer to lesbians, and light blue (голубой, goluboj) refers to gay men.
• In Japan, a genre of low budget, erotic cinema is referred to as Pink films (ピンク映画, Pinku Eiga).

Politics

Code Pink is an American women's activist group opposing war and globalization.

• Pink, being a 'watered-down' red, is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe a person with mild communist or socialist beliefs (see Pinko).
• The term pink revolution is sometimes used to refer to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005, although it is more commonly called the tulip revolution.
• The Swedish feminist party Feminist Initiative uses pink as their color.
• Code Pink is an American women's anti-globalization and anti-war group founded in 2002 by activist Medea Benjamin. The group has disrupted Congressional hearings and heckled President Obama at his public speeches.
• It was a common practice to colour British Empire pink on maps.

Social movements

Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, and the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual community.

• A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called nl.roze (roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain, Pink News is a gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine called Pink for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community which has different editions for various metropolitan areas. In France Pink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
• In Ireland, Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions defines a pink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.
• Pinkstinks, a campaign founded in London in May 2008 to raise awareness of what they claim is the damage caused by gender stereotyping of children.
• The Pink Pistols is a gay gun rights organization.
• The pink ribbon is the international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.

• The pink ribbon has been a symbol of breast cancer awareness since 1991. The color was chosen because of its close association with femininity.

Academic dress

• In the French academic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the academic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields) fr:Groseille (couleur).

Heraldry

The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink:

• The heraldic color of rose is a modern innovation, mostly used in Canadian heraldry, depicting a reddish pink color like the shade usually called rose.
• In French heraldry, the color carnation is sometimes used, corresponding to the skin color of a light skinned Caucasian human. This can also be seen as a pink shade but is usually depicted slightly more brownish beige than the rose tincture.

Calendars

• In Thailand, pink is associated with Tuesday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear pink on Tuesdays, and anyone born on a Tuesday may adopt pink as their color.

The press

Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at the gay community.

Since 1893 the London Financial Times newspaper has used a distinctive salmon pink color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper was less expensive than bleached white paper. Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, the salmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such as La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to the winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, the Giro d'Italia. (See #Sports).

• The Pink News is a newspaper for the Gay community in Britain.

• The Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport also is printed on pink newspaper, and provides the pink jersey for the leader in Italy's top bicycle race, the Giro d'Italia.

Law

• In England and Wales, a brief delivered to a barrister by a solicitor is usually tied with pink ribbon. Pink was traditionally the color associated with the defense, while white ribbons may have been used for the prosecution.

Literature

• In Spanish and Italian, a "pink novel" (novela rosa in Spanish, romanzo rosa in Italian) is a sentimental novel marketed to women.
• In Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Faith is wearing a pink ribbon in her hair which represents her innocence.
• Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is a coming of age tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930s, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.

Religion

• In the Yogic Hindu, Shaktic Hindu and Tantric Buddhist traditions rose is one of the colors of the fourth primary energy center, the heart chakra Anahata. The other color is green.
• In Catholicism, pink (called rose by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday of Advent and the Fourth Sunday of Lent (see Laetare Sunday) to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in an Advent wreath may be pink, rather than purple.
• Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leader Meher Baba, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.

Sports

In the Olympics Games, German females wear pink jackets and other sports attire.

• The leader in the Giro d'Italia cycle race wears a pink jersey (maglia rosa); this reflects the distinctive pink-colored newsprint of the sponsoring Italian La Gazzetta dello Sport newspaper. This is Rydar Hesjedal winner, of the 2012 race.

In Hunting to hounds, the hunt master always wears 'hunting pink'. However, the jacket is always a bright or crimson red. The traditional red hunting coat called a "pink" derives the name not from the coat's colour but from the name of the late 18th century London tailor who specialized in sewing the popular field coat. The coats made by Thomas Pink were of rain resistant scarlet cloth, tightly woven and durable enough to be immune to thorns and branches` on the chase. A Pink hunting coat was a mark of distinction in the 18th century, implying the wearer was a person of affluence and taste, and today the coat carries much of the same cachet

See also

• Fuchsia (color)
• List of colors
• Pinkstinks
• Rosé, a wine whose color is neither red nor white
• Variations of pink

References

Further reading

• Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2. 
• Cennini, Cennino (1960). The Craftsman's Handbook - Il Libro dell'Arte. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-20054-5. 
• Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Think Pink, 2014. Exhibition Link
• Susan Stamberg/NPR, "Girls Are Taught To 'Think Pink,' But That Wasn't Always So, 2014. Story link.

Notes and citations

External links

• Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 結膜炎conjunctivitis [show details]
  …activity. The conjunctiva is generally transparent. When it is inflamed, as in conjunctivitis, it looks pink or red at a distance. Up close the examiner can discern fine blood vessels, termed "injection," in …
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• 4. 学会が公開する診療ガイドラインのリンク：成人の肺炎球菌ワクチン接種society guideline links pneumococcal vaccination in adults [show details]
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• 5. 学会が公開する診療ガイドラインのリンク：破傷風society guideline links tetanus infection [show details]
  …Book – Tetanus (2018) CDC: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (aka the "Pink Book"), 13th edition – Tetanus (2015) Public Health England (PHE): The Green Book – Tetanus (2013…

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• Microbial dynamics during shelf-life of industrial Ricotta cheese and identification of a Bacillus strain as a cause of a pink discolouration.

• Sattin E1, Andreani NA2, Carraro L2, Fasolato L2, Balzan S2, Novelli E2, Squartini A3, Telatin A1, Simionati B1, Cardazzo B4.
• Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2016 Aug;57:8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.12.009. Epub 2015 Dec 31.
• Dairy products are perishable and have to be preserved from spoilage during the food chain to achieve the desired shelf-life. Ricotta is a typical Italian soft dairy food produced by heat coagulation of whey proteins and is considered to be a light and healthy product. The shelf-life of Ricotta coul
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• Gao Z1, Zhang L2, Ma C3, Zhou Q3, Tang Y3, Tu Z1, Yang W1, Cui L3, Li Y4.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Jun 15;80:511-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.004. Epub 2016 Feb 3.
• TiO2 modified Co3O4 acicular nanotube arrays (ANTAs) have been fabricated in this study, showing a good performance in glucose detection. In the experiment, the precursor Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O acicular nanowire arrays (ANWAs) was first grown on the fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by a hyd
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• Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Case Report.

• Olmo HR1, Stokes SM2, Foss RD3.
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• Spectrophotometric determination of l-cysteine by using polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized silver nanoparticles in the presence of barium ions.

• Bamdad F1, Khorram F2, Samet M2, Bamdad K3, Sangi MR2, Allahbakhshi F2.
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• In this article a simple and selective colorimetric probe for cysteine determination using silver nano particles (AgNPS) is described. The determination process was based upon the surface plasmon resonance properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized AgNPS. Interaction of AgNPS with cysteine molecu
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