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Goose bumps on a human arm

Goose bumps, goose pimples or goose flesh, the medical term cutis anserina or horripilation, are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions such as fear, nostalgia, pleasure, euphoria, awe, admiration, and sexual arousal.^[1]

The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered by some to be a vestigial reflex;^[2] some believe its function in human ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger and scaring off predators. The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as arasing, piloerection, or the pilomotor reflex. It occurs in many mammals besides humans; a prominent example is porcupines, which raise their quills when threatened, or sea otters when they encounter sharks or other predators.

Etymology

Moderate goose bumps

The phrase "goose bumps" derives from the phenomenon's association with goose skin. Goose feathers grow from stores in the epidermis which resemble human hair follicles. When a goose's feathers are plucked, its skin has protrusions where the feathers were, and these bumps are what the human phenomenon resembles.

It is not clear why the particular fowl, goose, was chosen in English, as most other birds share this same anatomical feature. Some authors have applied "goose bumps" to the symptoms of sexually-transmitted diseases.^[3] "Bitten by a Winchester goose" was a common euphemism for having contracted syphilis^[4] in the 16th century.^[5] "Winchester geese" was the nickname for the prostitutes of South London,^[6] licenced by the Bishop of Winchester in the area around his London palace.

However, this etymology does not explain why many other languages use the same bird as in English. "Goose skin" is used in German (Gänsehaut), Swedish (gåshud), Danish and Norwegian (gåsehud), Icelandic (gæsahúð), Greek (χήνειο δέρμα), Italian (pelle d'oca), Russian (гусиная кожа), Ukrainian (гусяча шкіра), Polish (gęsia skórka), Czech (husí kůže), Slovak (husia koža), Slovene (kurja polt), Latvian (zosāda) and Hungarian (libabőr).

It should be noted that in other languages, however, the "goose" may be replaced by other kinds of poultry. For instance, "hen" is used in Spanish (piel de gallina), Portuguese (pele de galinha), Romanian (piele de găină), French (chair de poule) and Catalan (pell de gallina). "Chicken" is used in Dutch (kippenvel), Chinese (雞皮疙瘩, lit. lumps on chicken skin), Finnish (kananliha), Estonian (kananahk), Afrikaans (hoendervleis) and Korean (닭살, daksal). In Hindi/Urdu it is called rongtey khade ho jaana. The equivalent Japanese term, 鳥肌, torihada, translates literally as "bird skin". In Arabic it is called kash'arirah, while in Hebrew it is called "duck skin" (עור ברווז).

All of the birds listed above are commonly consumed in the country of origin, so it may well be assumed that the term "goose pimples" (also "goose skin" and "goose flesh", c.1785 and 1810) and all other related terms in other languages came into being merely due to the visual similarity of the bird's plucked skin and the human skin phenomenon, used to describe the sensation in a way that is readily familiar.^[7]

The same effect is manifested in the root word "horror" in English, which is derived from Latin horrere, which means "to bristle", and "be horrified", because of the accompanying hair reaction.

Anatomy and biology

Cat fur standing on end

Goose bumps are created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair, known as arrector pili muscles, contract and pull the hair erect. The reflex is started by the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for many fight-or-flight responses.

As a response to cold: in animals covered with fur or hair, the erect hairs trap air to create a layer of insulation. Goose bumps can also be a response to anger or fear: the erect hairs make the animal appear larger, in order to intimidate enemies. This can be observed in the intimidation displays of chimpanzees,^[8] some New world monkeys like the cotton-top tamarin,^[9] in stressed mice^[10] and rats, and in frightened cats. In humans, it can even extend to piloerection as a reaction to hearing nails scratch on a chalkboard, listening to awe-inspiring music,^[11] or feeling or remembering strong and positive emotions (e.g., after winning a sports event, or while watching a horror film).^[12] Moreover, there are rare accounts of people who are able to deliberately evoke goose bumps in themselves without any external trigger.^[13] Goose bumps are accompanied by a specific physiological response pattern that is thought to indicate the emotional state of being moved.^[14] During the formation of goose bumps, the body is warmed from the muscle tension in piloerection.

In humans, goose bumps are strongest on the forearms, but also occur on the legs, neck, and other areas of the skin that have hair. In some people, they even occur in the face or on the head.

Piloerection is also a classic symptom of some diseases, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, some brain tumors, and autonomic hyperreflexia. Goose bumps can also be caused by withdrawal from opiates such as heroin. A skin condition that mimics goose bumps in appearance is keratosis pilaris.

Cause

Extreme temperatures

Goose bumps can be experienced in the presence of cold temperatures. The stimulus of cold surroundings causes the tiny muscles attached to each hair follicle to contract. This contraction causes the hair strands to literally "stand on end." At the same time, the tiny muscles that are contracting are causing a "bunching" of the skin surrounding the hairs, which results in the "bumps" in goose bumps.

This is the body's way of preserving its own heat by causing the hairs on the skin to stand up, thus reducing heat loss. Goose bumps are often seen in conjunction with shivering in these instances.

Intense emotion

People often say they feel their "hair standing on end" when they are frightened or in awe. In an extremely stressful situation, the body can employ the "fight or flight" response. As the body prepares itself for either fighting or running, the sympathetic nervous system floods the blood with adrenaline (epinephrine), a hormone that speeds up heart rate, metabolism, and body temperature in the presence of extreme stress. Then the sympathetic nervous system also causes the piloerection reflex, which makes the muscles attached to the base of each hair follicle contract and force the hair up.

References

^ "Science of Music: Why Does Music Give Me Goose Bumps? | Exploratorium". Exploratorium.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
^ Darwin, Charles. (1872) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals John Murray, London.
^ Roberts, Chris (2004), Heavy words lightly thrown: the reason behind the rhyme, Granta, p. 24, ISBN 978-1-86207-765-2
^ Buret, Frédéric (1895), Syphilis to-day and among the ancients v. 2-3, F.A. Davis, p. 48
^ Buret, Frédéric (1895), Syphilis to-day and among the ancients v. 1, F.A. Davis, p. 62 dates the aforementioned manuscript to the 16th century
^ Wabuda, Susan (2002), Preaching during the English Reformation, Cambridge studies in early modern British history, Cambridge University Press, p. 127, ISBN 978-0-521-45395-0
^ Online Etymology Dictionary - "Goose bumps"
^ Martin Muller and John Mitan. Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees. Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol. 35
^ French and Snowdon. Sexual dimorphism in responses to unfamiliar intruders in the tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. Animal Behaviour (1981) vol. 29 (3) pp. 822-829
^ Masuda et al. Developmental and pharmacological features of mouse emotional piloerection. Experimental Animals, 1999 Jul;48(3):209-11. PMID 10480027
^ David Huron. Biological Templates for Musical Experience: From Fear to Pleasure. Abstract
^ George A. Bubenik (September 1, 2003), "Why do humans get goosebumps when they are cold, or under other circumstances?", Scientific American
^ Benedek et al. (2010) Objective and continuous measurement of piloerection. Psychophysiology, 47, 989-993. [1]
^ Benedek & Kaernbach (2011) Physiological correlates and emotional specificity of human piloerection. Biological Psychology, 86, 320-329. [2]

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English Journal

L-glutamate microinjection in the preoptic area increases brain and body temperature in freely moving rats.

Sengupta T, Jaryal AK, Kumar VM, Mallick HN.Author information aDepartment of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi bComprehensive Centre for Sleep Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Kerala, India.AbstractThe role of the preoptic area (POA) in thermoregulation is well documented. Microinjection of various neurotransmitters into the POA in rats has been shown to influence body temperature. Alhough there are reports showing changes in temperature on administration of L-glutamate into the POA, the role of this excitatory amino acid in thermoregulation has not been studied in unanaesthetized rats. In the present study, brain and body temperatures were recorded in freely moving adult male Wistar rats with K-type thermocouple implanted near the hypothalamus and temperature transmitter implanted inside the peritoneum. Recordings were performed 2 h preinjection and 4 h postinjection. L-glutamate (0.14 nM) microinjection into the POA induced long-lasting hyperthermia and reduced locomotor activity. The rats remained curled up and showed piloerection. L-glutamate-induced hyperthermia was attenuated by previous injection of the ionotropic L-glutamate receptor antagonist, kynurenate (0.11 nM). We propose that L-glutamate in the POA participates not only in heat production and conservation but also plays a role in interlinking sleep and thermoregulation.
Neuroreport.Neuroreport.2014 Jan 8;25(1):28-33. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000035.
The role of the preoptic area (POA) in thermoregulation is well documented. Microinjection of various neurotransmitters into the POA in rats has been shown to influence body temperature. Alhough there are reports showing changes in temperature on administration of L-glutamate into the POA, the role
PMID 24051681

Distinct fibroblast lineages determine dermal architecture in skin development and repair.

Driskell RR1, Lichtenberger BM2, Hoste E3, Kretzschmar K2, Simons BD4, Charalambous M5, Ferron SR5, Herault Y6, Pavlovic G6, Ferguson-Smith AC5, Watt FM7.Author information 11] Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK [2] Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.21] Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK [2] Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK [3].31] Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK [2] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK [3].4Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.5Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.6Institut Clinique de la Souris, Parc d'Innovation, 67404 Illkrich-Graffenstaden, Cedex, France.7Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.AbstractFibroblasts are the major mesenchymal cell type in connective tissue and deposit the collagen and elastic fibres of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Even within a single tissue, fibroblasts exhibit considerable functional diversity, but it is not known whether this reflects the existence of a differentiation hierarchy or is a response to different environmental factors. Here we show, using transplantation assays and lineage tracing in mice, that the fibroblasts of skin connective tissue arise from two distinct lineages. One forms the upper dermis, including the dermal papilla that regulates hair growth and the arrector pili muscle, which controls piloerection. The other forms the lower dermis, including the reticular fibroblasts that synthesize the bulk of the fibrillar ECM, and the preadipocytes and adipocytes of the hypodermis. The upper lineage is required for hair follicle formation. In wounded adult skin, the initial wave of dermal repair is mediated by the lower lineage and upper dermal fibroblasts are recruited only during re-epithelialization. Epidermal β-catenin activation stimulates the expansion of the upper dermal lineage, rendering wounds permissive for hair follicle formation. Our findings explain why wounding is linked to formation of ECM-rich scar tissue that lacks hair follicles. They also form a platform for discovering fibroblast lineages in other tissues and for examining fibroblast changes in ageing and disease.
Nature.Nature.2013 Dec 12;504(7479):277-81. doi: 10.1038/nature12783.
Fibroblasts are the major mesenchymal cell type in connective tissue and deposit the collagen and elastic fibres of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Even within a single tissue, fibroblasts exhibit considerable functional diversity, but it is not known whether this reflects the existence of a differe
PMID 24336287

Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings.

Li L, McGee RG, Isbister G, Webster AC.Author information Sydney School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, A27, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2006.AbstractBACKGROUND: Jellyfish envenomations are common amongst temperate coastal regions and vary in severity depending on the species. Stings result in a variety of symptoms and signs, including pain, dermatological reactions and, in some species, Irukandji syndrome (including abdominal/back/chest pain, tachycardia, hypertension, sweating, piloerection, agitation and sometimes cardiac complications). Many treatments have been suggested for the symptoms and signs of jellyfish stings. However, it is unclear which interventions are most effective.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2013 Dec 9;12:CD009688. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009688.pub2.
BACKGROUND: Jellyfish envenomations are common amongst temperate coastal regions and vary in severity depending on the species. Stings result in a variety of symptoms and signs, including pain, dermatological reactions and, in some species, Irukandji syndrome (including abdominal/back/chest pain, ta
PMID 24318773

Japanese Journal

Photosensitivity in mice caused by pyropheophorbide in the midgut gland of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis observed in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning mouse bioassays

HASHIMOTO Satoshi,UENO Kenichi,TAKAHASHI Kenichi,SUZUKI Toshiyuki,ITABASHI Yutaka
Fisheries science : FS 76(3), 529-536, 2010-05-01
… The symptoms included piloerection, substantial eye discharge, swelling of the ears and head, and ear scratching. …
NAID 10026450218

2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one Suppresses the Growth of Mouse Malignant Melanoma B16 Cells Transplanted into C57BL/6Cr Slc Mice(Pharmacology)

MIYANO-KUROSAKI Naoko,KUROSAKI Kunihiko,HAYASHI Michiko,TAKAKU Hiroshi,HAYAFUNE Masaaki,SHIRATO Ken,KASUGA Teruhiko,ENDO Takahiko,TOMODA Akio
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 29(11), 2197-2201, 2006-11-01
… Phx-3 was found to exert few adverse effects, in terms of bodyweight loss, changes in serum levels of blood biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, dysfunction of the liver and the kidney examined by pathological methods, piloerection and wasting, when mice were treated with a dose of 0.5mg/kg. …
NAID 110004840391