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Botulinum Neurotoxins: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Using the Mouse Phrenic Nerve Hemidiaphragm Assay (MPN).

Bigalke H1, Rummel A2.
Toxins.Toxins (Basel).2015 Nov 25;7(12):4895-905. doi: 10.3390/toxins7124855.
The historical method for the detection of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is represented by the mouse bioassay (MBA) measuring the animal survival rate. Since the endpoint of the MBA is the death of the mice due to paralysis of the respiratory muscle, an ex vivo animal replacement method, called mouse
PMID 26610569

[Pathophysiology, diagnostics and therapy of chronic cough: neuronal reflexes and antitussiva].

Dinh QT1, Heck S, Le DD, Bals R, Welte T.
Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany).Pneumologie.2013 Jun;67(6):327-34. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1343151. Epub 2013 May 22.
Cough is the number one symptom for patients to visit a physician worldwide. It is an important neuronal reflex which serves to protect the airways from inhaled exogenous microorganisms, thermal and chemical irritants. Moreover, it prevents the airways from mucus retention.The cough reflex is initia
PMID 23700135

Marsala J1, Marsala M, Vanický I, Taira Y.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.1999 Apr 5;406(2):263-84.
Segmental and laminar distributions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-exhibiting neurons were examined in the rabbit spinal cord by using horizontal, sagittal, and transverse sections. A large number of NADPHd-positive neurons in the spinal cord of rabbit appeared to
PMID 10096610

石川自然,安藤正彦,辻隆之,須磨幸蔵,高尾篤良
心臓 6(11), 1632-1637, 1974
… ,'L内筍形の合併はなく,'t前面左右に及ぶ広範囲の心膜欠損があり,ヒトにおいてもまれと思われるtypeの1つである、また,形態学上興味深い事は,特に左室側の心膜辺縁の直下に深い圧痕がみられ,さらに左側のN.phrenicusが露出されていた事である.現在までに,ヒトの心膜欠損症の臨床症状の1つとして胸痛があげられているが,本症例の場合,圧痕による冠状動脈の圧迫は形態学上胸痛の成因を示唆している様に思われる.<BR> …
NAID 130004416565