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In linguistics, phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes), in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently. For example, ‘Dutch auction’ is composed of the words Dutch ‘of or pertaining to the Netherlands’ and auction ‘a public sale in which goods are sold to the highest bidder’, but its meaning is not ‘a sale in the Netherlands where goods are sold to the highest bidder’. Instead, the phrase has a conventionalized meaning referring to any auction where, instead of rising, the prices fall.
Contents
- 1 History of the development of phraseology
- 2 Phraseological units
- 3 References
- 4 Bibliography
- 5 External links
History of the development of phraseology
Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century.[1] It took its start when Charles Bally's[2] notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969)[3] within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973),[4] and Lipka (1992 [1974]).[5] In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990)[6] and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996)[7] whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field.
Phraseological units
Main article: Phraseme
The basic units of analysis in phraseology are often referred to as phrasemes or phraseological units. Phraseological units are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V.)[citation needed] stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings ("to kick the bucket", “Greek gift”, “drink till all's blue”, “drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a boiled owl)”, “as mad as a hatter (as a march hare)”). According to Rosemarie Gläser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text.[8]
References
- ^ Knappe, Gabriele. (2004) Idioms and Fixed Expressions in English Language Study before 1800. Peter Lang.
- ^ Bally, Charles (1909 [1951]) Traité de stylistique française. Genève: Georg et Cie.
- ^ Weinreich, Uriel (1969) Problems in the Analysis of Idioms. In J. Puhvel (ed.), Substance and Structure of Language, 23-81. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- ^ Arnold, I.V. (1973) The English Word Moscow: Higher School Publishing House
- ^ Lipka, Leonhard. 1992. An Outline of English Lexicology. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
- ^ Welte, Werner. (1990) Englische Phraseologie und Idiomatik. Ein Arbeitsbuch mit umfassender Bibliographie. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
- ^ Cowie, A. P. & Peter Howarth. (1996) Phraseology - a Select Bibliography. International Journal of Lexicography 9(1): 38–51
- ^ Gläser, Rosemarie. 1998. The Stylistic Potential of Phraselological Units in the Light of Genre Analysis In A.P. Cowie (ed.), Phraseology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 125.
Bibliography
- Altenberg, Bengt. 1998. On the Phraseology of Spoken English: The Evidence of Recurrent Word-Combinations In A.P. Cowie (ed.), Phraseology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Álvarez de la Granja, María (ed.). 2008. Fixed Expressions in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. A Multilingual and Multidisciplinary Approach. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
- Amosova, N.N. 1963. Osnovi angliyskoy frazeologii. Leningrad.
- Anscombre, Jean-Claude & Salah Mejri (eds.) 2011. Le figement linguistique : la parole en-travée. Paris: Honoré Champion.
- Arsentieva, E.F. 2006. Frazeologiya i frazeografija v sopostavitel’nom aspekte (na materiale angliyskogo i russkogo yazikov). Kazan’.
- Burger, Harald, Dobrovol´skij, Dmitrij, Kuhn, Peter, & Norrrick, Neal. (eds.) 2007. Phraseology: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research: Vols. 1-2, Berlin: de Gruyter.
- Cowie, A.P. 1998. Phraseology: Theory, Analysis, and Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cherdantseva, T.Z. 2007. Jazik I ego obrazi: Ocherki po italyanskoy frazeologii. Moskva: URSS.
- Everaert, Martin, Erik-Jan van der Linden, André Schenk & Rob Schreuder (eds.) 1995; Idioms: Structural and Psychological perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Gläser, Rosemarie. 1998. The Stylistic Potential of Phraselological Units in the Light of Genre Analysis In A.P. Cowie (ed.), Phraseology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Häusermann, Jürg. 1977. Hauptprobleme der deutschen Phraseologie auf der Basis sowjetischer Forschungsergebnisse. Tübingen
- Knappe, Gabriele. 2004. Idioms and Fixed Expressions in English Language Study before 1800. Peter Lang.
- Kunin, A.V. 1967. Osnovnie ponjatija angliyskoy frazeologii kak lingvisticheskoy disciplini. In Anglo-russkiy frazeologicheskiy slovar, 1233–1264. Moskva.
- Kunin, A.V. 1970. Angliyskaya frazeologiya. Moskva.
- Kunin, A.V. 1972. 'F'razeologija sovremennogo angliyskogo yazika. Moskva.
- Kunin, A.V. 1996. Kurs fraseologii sovremennogo angliyskogo yazika. 2-e izd. pererab. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Mel’čuk I.A. 1995. Phrasemes in Language and Phraseology in Linguistics. In Martin Everaert, Erik-Jan van der Linden, André Schenk & Rob Schreuder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and Psychological perspectives, 167–232. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Mokienko, V.M. 1989. Slavjanskaya frazeologiya. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Molotkov, A.I. 1977. Osnovi frazeologii russkogo jazika. Leningrad: Nauka.
- Nazaryan, A.G. 1987. Frazeologiya sovremennogo frantsuzkogo jazika. Moskva.
- Raichshtein, A.D. 1980. Sopostavitelniy analiz nemetskoy I russkoy frazeologii. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Shanskiy, N.M. 1985. Frazeologiya sovremennogo russkogo yazika. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Soloduho, E.M. 1982. Problemi internazional'noy frazeoologii. Kazan’.
- Zhukov, V.P. 1978. Semantika frazeologicheskih oborotov. Moskva: Prosveshenie.
External links
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Look up phraseology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- фразеология – krugosvet.ru (Russian)
- The European Society of Phraseology
- The European Association for Lexicography
- Phraseological seminar by Prof. V.M.Mokienko (Russian)
- Interpretation of phraseology (Ukrainian)
English Journal
- Taking care: practice and philosophy of communication in a Critical Care follow-up clinic.
- Hazzard A, Harris W, Howell D.SourceUniversity College London Hospital, United Kingdom.
- Intensive & critical care nursing : the official journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses.Intensive Crit Care Nurs.2013 Jun;29(3):158-65. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.01.003. Epub 2013 Mar 9.
- Human consciousness is inextricable from communication. The conditions of communication in the clinical context are defined by the caring intention and the unequal relationship, which imply special responsibilities on the part of the clinician. The conventional hermeneutic model of communication pro
- PMID 23477751
- The language of integrative medicine.
- Budgell BS.SourceCanadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2H 3J1; E-mail: bbudgell@cmcc.ca.
- Journal of integrative medicine.J Integr Med.2013 Mar;11(3):229-32. doi: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013026.
- Biomedical language, also known as biomedical English, is sufficiently different from general English to warrant treatment as a distinct language. Biomedical language has its own conventions of grammar, phraseology and discourse, as well as a lexicon which is complex and esoteric. Furthermore, each
- PMID 23570687
- Phraseology of disc herniation: an inevitable revision: passing the posterior disc prolapse--retrolapse is superior.
- Golder WA.SourceAssociation d'Imagerie Médicale, Troyes, France. werner.golder@orange.fr
- Spine.Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2012 Oct 15;37(22):1920-1. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318231ca46.
- PMID 21897340
Japanese Journal
- 遠藤 志保,エンドウ シホ,ENDO Shiho
- 千葉大学ユーラシア言語文化論集 16, 163-181, 2014-09-25
- … Second, the phraseology at the end of interrogative sentences is more than from Saru or Chitose dialect. …
- NAID 120005476917
- The Deconstructible Allegory of the Failed Author-Reader Communion : Hawthorne's "The Minister's Black Veil : A Parable"(中井紀明教授退任記念号)
- 佐々木 英哲
- 英米評論 (28), 53-87, 2014-03-18
- … Existentially aware of the meaning of life, or to use Heidegger's phraseology, Dasein, Hooper warns his parishioners, it seems, of how foolish it is to stay ignorant in plausibly blissful daily activities. …
- NAID 110009892128
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