アザラシの

関: earless seal

WordNet

of or relating to seals

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/02 12:16:17」(JST)

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Mother sea otter with sleeping pup, Morro Bay, California

Many animals, particularly domesticated, have been given specific names for males, females, young, and groups.

The best known source of many of the bizarre words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Dame Juliana Berners.^[1]

Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Generic terms

The terms in this table apply to many or all taxa in a particular biological family, class, or clade.

Animal	Young	Female	Male	Collective noun	Collateral adjective	Trivial name
Aves	chick	hen	cock	flock	avian	bird
Bovidae	calf	cow (bred), heifer (not bred)	bull, steer (castrated)	herd	bovine	cattle; cows
Canidae	puppy, pup,^[5] cub	bitch	dog	pack	canine	dog
Equidae	colt (male), filly (female), foal	jenny (asses), mare (other equids)	jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse)	herd	equine	horse
Felidae	kitten, cub	queen	tom	clowder	feline	cat
Osteichthyes	fry, fingerling	?	?	school, shoal	piscine, ichthyic	bony fish

Terms by species or taxon

Contents

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See also
References

Animal	Young	Female	Male	Collective noun	Collateral adjective	Culinary noun for meat
A	A !
Aardvark	cub	sow	boar	N/A	orycteropodian
Albatross	chick	N/A	N/A	flock^[6] rookery^[7] gam (when searching for mates)^[8]	?
Alligator	hatchling	cow	bull	congregation^[9]	eusuchian
Alpaca	cria	?	?	herd	camelid
Amphibian	?	?	?	?	?
Anaconda	?	?	?	?	?
Ant	larva pupa	queen (fertile) worker soldier	drone	army^[10] bike^[10] colony^[10]^[11] nest^[9] swarm^[10]	formic myrmicine
Anteater	pup	sow	boar	N/A	?
Antelope	calf^[12]	doe	buck	herd^[10]^[13] cluster^[10]^[13] tribe^[10]^[13]	alcelaphine bubaline antilopine
Antlion	?	?	?	?	?
Ape	infant	N/A	N/A	shrewdness^[2]^[9]^[13]^[14] troop^[9]^[10]^[13]	simian
Aphid	?	?	?	?	?
Armadillo	pup baby	sow	boar	N/A	cingulatan
Asp	?	?	?	?	?
Ass/Donkey	foal	jenny	jack	herd^[10] coffle^[10]^[13] drove^[9]^[10]^[13] pace^[10]^[11]^[13]	asinine
B	B !
Baboon	infant	N/A	?	flange^[15]^{[note 1]} troop^[2]^[9]^[15]	?
Badger	cub kit	sow	boar	cete^[2]^[9]^[11]^[15] colony^[15]	musteline
Bandicoot	?	?	?	?	?
Barnacle	?	?	?	?	?
Barracuda	?	?	?	school^[16]	percesocine
Basilisk	?	?	?	?	?
Bass	?	?	?	?	?
Bat	pup	N/A	N/A	cloud^[15]^[17] colony^[11]^[15] flock^[18]	pteropine noctillionine
Bear (list)	cub^[19]	sow she-bear	boar	sleuth^[9]^[11]^[15] sloth^[9]^[11]^[15]	ursine
Beaver	kit kitten pup	N/A	N/A	family^[9] colony^[9]^[15]
Bee	larva pupa	queen worker ^{[note 2]}	drone	cast (a second swarm)^[15] cluster (of workers around the queen)^[15] colony^[15] drift^[2]^[15] erst^[2]^[15] grist^[9]^[15] hive^[2]^[9]^[15] nest^[9] rabble^[15] stand^[15] swarm^[2]^[9]^[15]	apic apian apiarian
Bedbug	?	?	?	?	?
Beetle	?	?	?	?	?
Bird (list)	?	?	?	?	?
Bison	calf	cow	bull	herd	bovine bubaline
Blackbird^{[disambiguation needed]}	?	?	?	?	?
Bluejay	?	?	?	?	?
Boa^{[disambiguation needed]}	?	?	?	?	?
Boar (wild pig) Also see Pig	piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned)	sow	?	herd^[15]^[20] singular^[9]^[20] Groups of 12 or more sounder^[9]^[20]	?
Bobcat	?	?	?	?	?
Buffalo, African (for American buffalo, see Bison)	calf	cow, heifer	bull	herd^[9]^[11]^[15] troop^[9] gang^[9]^[11]^[15] obstinancy^[9]^[11]^[15]	?
Butterfly	caterpillar larva pupa chrysalis	?	?	flight^[15] flutter^[9] rabble^[15]	pieridine pierine lepidopteran
Buzzard	?	?	?	?	?
C	C !
Camel	calf	cow	bull	caravan^[9] flock^[9] herd train^[9]	camelid cameline
Capybara	pup	?	?	?	?
Cardinal	?	?	?	?	?
Caribou	calf	?	?	herd	rangiferine
Carp	?	?	?	?	?
Cassowary	hatchling chick	?	?	N/A	ratite
Cat (list)	kitten kit	molly queen pussy	tom gib (castrated male)^[21]	clowder^[2]^[9] cluster^[9] clutter^[22] glaring^[2]^[9] pounce^[9] kindle (kittens)^[23] litter (kittens)	feline
Caterpillar	?	?	?	army^[9]^[24]	?
Catfish	?	?	?	?	?
Cattle^{[note 3]} (list)	calf^[25]	cow^[26]	bull	herd^[9] drove^[9] yoke (oxen) team (oxen)	bovine^{[note 4]} taurine (male) vaccine (female) vituline (young)	beef veal
Centipede	?	?	?	?	?
Chameleon	?	?	?	?	?
Chamois	calf	doe	bull	herd	rupicaprine
Cheetah	cub	?	?	coalition (male)^[27]	?
Chickadee	?	?	?	?	?
Chicken (list)	chick	hen pullet	rooster cock cockerel capon (castrated male)	flock brood^[9] peep (chicks)^[9] clutch (eggs)	galline	poultry
Chimpanzee	infant	empress	blackback	?	panine
Chinchilla	kit	velvet sow	boar bull	?	chinchilline
Chipmunk	?	?	?	?	?
Chough	chick	?	?	chattering^[2]^[14]^[28] clattering^[2]^[14]^[29]	corvine
Clam	larva	?	?		?
Clownfish	?	?	?	?	?
Coati	pup kit	sow	boar	troop	nasuine
Cobra	?	?	?	quiver^[30]	elapid
Cockroach	nymph	?	?	intrusion^[30]	blattid
Cod	codling	?	?	school	gadoid gadine
Condor	?	?	?	?	?
Constrictor	?	?	?	?	?
Coral	?	?	?	?	?
Cormorant	chick shaglet	?	?	gulp^[9]^[11]^[30] flight
Cougar	?	?	?	?	?
Cow	?	?	?	?	?
Coyote	pup puppy cub whelp	bitch	dog	pack	canine
Crab	N/A	hen jenny	cock jimmy		cancrine
Crane	chick colt^[31]	?	?	herd sedge^[11] sege^[32] siege^[33]	alectorine
Crawdad	?	?	?	?	?
Crayfish	?	?	?	?	?
Cricket	?	?	?	?	?
Crocodile	hatchling	cow	bull	bask^[9] congregation float^[9] nest	crocodilian
Crow	?	?	?	murder^[2]^[9]	corvine
Cuckoo	?	?	?	?	?
Curlew	?	?	?	herd^[2]^[14]	?
D	D !
Damselfly	?	?	?	?	?
Deer	calf^[12] fawn	doe hind cow^[12]	buck stag bull^[12] hart (red deer)	bunch^[34] herd^[34] mob^[34] rangale^[34]	cervine elaphine	venison humble (organ meat)
Dingo	?	?	?	?	?
Dinosaur (list)	hatchling juvenile	cow	bull	herd (herbivores) pack (carnivores)	dinosaurian
Dog (list)	pup^[5] puppy whelp^[35]	bitch	dog stud sire	pack (wild)^[11]^[34] kennel^[34] mute^[11] litter (young)^[36] cowardice (curs)^[11]^[37] comedy (boxers)^[38]^[39] cry (hounds)^[40]	canine
Dogfish	?	?	?	troop^[34]	selachian squaloid	capeshark (USA) rock salmon (UK) flake (UK, AUS) huss (UK) rigg (UK) kahada (CAN)^[41]
Dolphin	calf pup	cow	bull	school^[34] pod herd team^[34]	delphine
Donkey (list)
Dormouse	?	?	?	?	?
Dotterel	?	?	?	trip^[2]^[11]	?
Dove	chick	hen	cock	arc^[9] cote dole^[2]^[34] dule^[9]^[34] flight^[2]^[9]^[34] piteousness^[2]^[34] pitying^[9]	columbine
Dragonfly	nymph	queen	king drake	cluster flight	anisopteran
Duck (list) Also see Mallard	duckling	duck hen	drake	On land flock herd badling^[11] brace^[11] safe^[2] sord^[34] sore^[34] waddling^[34] On water bunch^[2]^[34] paddling^[2]^[34] raft^[2]^[34] In flight skein^[34] string^[34] team^[11]^[34]	anatine fuliguline	poultry
Dugong	calf	cow	bull	herd	dugongine
Dung beetle	?	?	?	?	?
Dunlin	chick	?	?	fling^[2]	?
E	E !
Eagle	eaglet fledgling	N/A	N/A	convocation^[9]^[11]	aquiline
Earthworm	?	?	?	?	?
Earwig	?	?	?	?	?
Echidna	puggle (in common use, but not scientifically endorsed)	?	?	—	tachyglossine
Eel	leptocephalus (larva) elver (juvenile)	N/A	N/A	bed^[9] swarm^[9]	anguilline
Egret	?	?	?	?	?
Eland	calf	cow	bull	herd	?
Elephant	calf^[25]	cow^[26]	bull^[42]	herd memory^[9]	elephantine proboscine proboscidean
Elephant seal	calf	cow	bull	herd pack	miroungan
Elk (wapiti)	calf^[12]	cow^[12]	bull^[12]	gang^[9] herd^[9]	cervine	venison
Emu	chick hatchling	?	?	mob^[9]	?
Ermine	?	?	?	?	?
F	F !
Falcon	eyass/eyas	falcon	tiercel tercel terzel		acciptrine
Ferret	kit	jill	hob	busyness^[14] business^[9]^[11]	musteline
Finch	chick	hen	cock		fringilline
Firefly	?	?	?	?	?
Fish (list)	fry fingerling	?	?	school^[3]	piscine
Flamingo	?	?	?		phoenicopterine
Flea	?	?	?	?	?
Fly	maggot	?	?	business^[9] cloud^[9] swarm^[9]	dipterous
Flyingfish	?	?	?	?	?
Fox	cub^[19] kit pup^[5]	vixen	tod dog reynard	leash^[9]^[11] skulk^[9]^[11]	vulpine
Frog	polliwog tadpole froglet	-	-		ranine
Fruit bat	?	?	?	?	?
G	G !
Gaur	calf	cow	bull	herd	bovine gaurine	garabeef
Gazelle	calf^[12]	cow^[12]	bull^[12]	herd	gazelline
Gecko	?	?	?	?	?
Gerbil	pup	doe	buck	horde	cricetine
Giant Panda	cub	sow	boar	sleuth^[43]	ailuropodine
Giant squid	?	?	?	?	?
Gibbon	?	?	?	?	?
Gila monster	?	?	?	?	?
Giraffe	calf	cow	bull	herd corps tower^[44]	giraffine
Gnat	larva	?	?	cloud^[9]^[11] horde^[9]^[11] swarm^[9]	?
Gnu	calf	cow	bull	herd implausibility^[45]
Goat (list)	kid	nanny doe doeling	billy buck buckling ^{[note 5]}	herd	caprine	chevon cabrito mutton
Goose	gosling	goose	gander	On land flock gaggle^[11] herd In flight skein^[2]^[11] team^[2] wedge^[2]	anatine anserine	poultry
Goldfinch	?	?	?		cardueline
Goldfish	?	?	?	Carton	?
Gopher	?	?	?	?	?
Gorilla	infant	N/A	blackback silverback	band^[9]^[11] troop^[9] whoop	simian
Goshawk	?	?	?	flight^[14]	?
Grasshopper	nymph	?	?	cloud swarm	caeliferian
Grouse	?	?	?		tetraonine
Grizzly bear	?	?	?	?	?
Guanaco	chulengo	?	?	?	camelid
Guinea fowl	keet	hen	cock	rasp^[46] flock^[47]	numidine	poultry
Guinea pig	pup	sow	boar	herd	?	cuy
Gull	chick	hen	cock	colony flock	larine
Guppy	?	?	?	?	?
H	H !
Haddock	?	?	?	?	?
Halibut	?	?	?	?	?
Hamster	pup	doe	buck	horde	cricetid
Hare	leveret	doe jill	buck jack	band down^[48] drove^[48] flick^[48] husk^[48]	leverine leporine
Hawk	eyas	hen	tiercel	cast^[49]^{[note 6]} aerie^[49]^{[note 7]} staff^[49]^{[note 8]} leash^[49]^{[note 9]} flight^[49]^{[note 10]} flock^[49] Migrating in large groups kettle^[9]^[49] boil^[11]^[49] cauldron^[49]	accipitrine falconine
Hedgehog	hoglet piglet pup	sow	boar	array^[48]	erinaceine
Hermit crab	?	?	?	?	?
Heron	chick	hen	cock	flight^[48] sedge^[9]^[11]^[48] sege^[32]^[48] siege^[9]^[11]^[33]^[48]	ardeidine
Herring	?	?	?	army^[11]^[48] glean^[48] shoal^[48]	clupeidean
Hippopotamus	calf	cow	bull	bloat^[9]^[11]^[48] herd^[48] thunder^[30]	hippopotamine
Hookworm	?	?	?	?	?
Hornet	larvae pupae	queen	drone	nest^[11] swarm	vespine
Horse (list)	foal colt (male) filly (female) gelding (castrated male)	mare dam	stallion stud	stable^[9] stud^[11] harras^[11] herd (wild horses)^[9] band (wild horses)^[9] team (work horses)^[9]^[11] rag (colts)^[11] string (ponies)^[11] field (racehorses)	equine
Hummingbird	chick	hen	cock		trochiline trochilidine
Hyena	cub pup whelp	bitch	dog	cackle^[9]^[11]	hyenine
I	I !
Ibex	kid	nanny	billy	?	?
Ibis	chick	?	?	?	threskiornithine
Iguana	?	?	?	?	?
Impala	?	?	?	?	?
J	J !
Jackal	pup	?	?	pack	?
Jaguar	cub	?	?	prowl^[50] leap^[50]	?
Jay	?	?	?	party^[11] scold^[11]	corvine
Jay, Blue	chick	hen	cock	charm	corvine
Jellyfish	planula polyp ephyra^[51]	sow	boar	bloom fluther^[2] smack^[2]^[11] smuth^[7]	scyphozoan
K	K !
Kangaroo	joey	flyer doe jill roo	boomer buck jack	court herd troop^[11] mob^[52]	macropodine
Killer whale	?	?	?	?	?
Kingfisher	chick	?	?	?	Alcedine
Kinkajou	pup kit	sow	boar	troop convergence	potosine
Kiwi	?	?	?	?	?
Koala	joey	doe	buck	?	phascolarctine
Koi	?	?	?	?	?
Komodo dragon	hatchling chick calf	cow hen	bull cock	?	varanine
Kookabura	chick	?	?	?	Halcyonine
Kouprey	calf	cow	bull	herd	sauveline bovine
Krill	?	?	?	?	?
Kudu	calf	cow	bull	herd	tragelaphine
L	L !
Ladybug	?	?	?	?	?
Lapwing	chick	?	?	deceit^[11]^[14] desert^[2]	vanelline
Lamprey	?	?	?	?	?
Lark	chick	hen	cock	exaltation^[2]^[14]	alaudine
Leech	?	?	?	?	?
Lemming	?	?	?	?	?
Lemur	infant	?	?	troop	lemurine
Leopard	cub	leopardess	leopard	leap^[2]^[9]^[11] lepe^[2]	pardine
Lion	cub^[19]	lioness	lion	pride sawt	leonine
Lizard	?	?	?	?	?
Llama	cria	?	?	herd flock	camelid
Lobster	?	hen^[3]	cock^[3]	?	homarine
Locust (list)	nymph	N/A	N/A	cloud host swarm	caelifera
Loon	?	?	?	?	?
Loris	infant			colony^[53]	lorisine^[54]
Louse	nymph	N/A	N/A	colony	pediculine
Lynx	?	?	?	?	?
Lyrebird	chick	hen	cock	?	menurine
M	M !
Macaw	?	?	?	?	?
Mackerel	?	?	?	?	?
Magpie	chick	hen	cock	flock	garruline
Mallard Also see Duck	duckling	hen	greenhead^[55]	sord^[2] suit^[2]	anatine	poultry
Manatee	calf	cow	bull	herd	manatine sirenian
Mandrill	infant	N/A	N/A	horde	simian
Manta ray	?	?	?	?	?
Mantis	nymph	?	?	?	?
Marlin	?	?	?	?	?
Marmoset	?	?	?	?	?
Marmot	?	?	?	?	?
Marsupial	?	?	?	?	?
Marten	?	?	richness		?
Meadowlark	?	?	?	?	?
Meerkat	pup	N/A	N/A	?	?
Mink	cub kit	sow	boar	?	musteline
Minnow	?	?	?	?	?
Mite	?	?	?	?	?
Mockingbird	?	?	?	?	?
Mole	pup	sow	boar		talpine
Mollusk	?	?	?	?	?
Mongoose	pup	?	?	troop committee delegation	herpestine
Monkey	infant	N/A	N/A	troop^[2]	simian
Moose	calf^[12]	cow^[12]	bull^[12]^[42]	herd	cervine	venison
Mouse	kitten pup As pet food pinky/fuzzy/crawler/hopper^[56]	doe	buck	colony nest	murine
Mosquito	nymph wriggler tumbler	N/A	N/A	swarm cloud	aedine anopheline
Moth	?	?	?	?	?
Mountain goat	?	?	?	?	?
Mouse	?	?	?	?	?
Mule	foal	molly	john		?
Muskox	?	?	?	?	?
N	N !
Narwhal	calf	-	-		-
Newt	eft^[57]	-	-	-	pleurodeline
Nightingale	chick	hen	cock	flock	philomelian
O	O !
Ocelot	?	?	?	?	?
Octopus	fry	hen^[58]	?	consortium^[59]	octopodine
Okapi	calf	cow	bull	herd	okapine
Opossum	joey	jill	jack	passel	didelphine
Orangutan	?	?	?	?	?
Orca	?	?	?	?	?
Oryx	calf	?	?	?	?
Ostrich	hatchling chick	hen	cock	flock troop	ratite struthious
Otter	pup whelp	sow	boar		musteline lutrine
Owl	fledgling owlet		?	parliament^[9]	strigine
Oyster	spat	?	?		ostracine	meat
P	P !
Panther	cub	pantheress	?	?	pantherine
Parrot	chick	hen	cock	flock	psittacine
Panda- See Giant panda
Partridge	chick	hen chantelle	cock		perdicine
Peafowl	chick peachick	peahen	peacock		pavonine	poultry
Pelican	chick nestling	?	?	pod^[9]	pelecanine
Penguin	chick nestling	?	?	waddle (on land)^[60]^[61] raft (in water)^[60] rookery^[60] colony^[60] huddle^[60]	spheniscine
Pheasant	chick	hen	cock	flock, bevy	phasianine
Pig (list) Also see Boar	piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned)	sow (bred), gilt (not bred)^[62]	boar barrow (castrated)^[63]	drift^[9]^[11]^[64] drove^[9]^[11] litter (piglets)	porcine suilline	pork ham bacon
Pigeon (list)	squab squeaker	hen	cock	flock	pullastrine	squab
Polar Bear	cub	sow	boar	aurora^[65] celebration^[65] pack^[65]	ursine
Pony (list) - See Horse
Porcupine	pup	sow	boar	prickle^[66]	hystricine
Porpoise	calf	cow	bull	pod school shoal	phocoenine
Prairie Dog	pup	sow	boar	town	cynomurine
Q	Q !
Quail	chick	hen	cock	bevy	galliformine
Quelea	chick	hen	cock	flock	queline
Quetzal	nestling	?	?	flock	trogonine
R	R !
Rabbit (list)	bunny kit kitten nestling	doe jill	buck jack	(young) litter (young)wrack nest	leporine
Raccoon	cub kit	sow	boar	gaze nursery committee smack brace troop	procyonine
Rail	chick	reeve	ruff	?	ralline
Ram Also see Sheep	lamb	ewe	ram	flock	arietine ovine	lamb mutton
Rat (list)	kitten pup	doe cow	buck bull	colony horde	murine
Raven	chick	hen	cock	unkindness	corvine
Red deer	calf	hind	stag hart	herd	?	venison
Red panda	cub	sow	boar	pack	ailuirine
Reindeer (caribou)	calf	cow	bull	herd	rangiferine
Rhinoceros	calf	cow	bull	herd	ceratorhine
Rodent (list)	?	?	?	?	?
Rook	?	?	?	building^[2] parliament^[2]^[67]	?
S	S !
Salamander					caudatan salamandrine
Salmon	parr^[68]	hen	cock		salmonine
Sand Dollar	larva pluteus (free swimming stage) juvenile (young urchin)	?	?	?	clypeasteroid
Sandpiper	?	?	?		scolopacine
Sardine	?	?	?		?
Scorpion	?	?	?		?
Sea lion	pup calf	cow	bull		otarine
Sea Urchin	larva pluteus (free swimming stage) juvenile (young urchin)	?	?	?	?
Seahorse	seafoal	seamare	seastallion	shoal	hippocampal
Seal	pup^[5]	cow	bull		phocine
Shark	cub^[19] pup^[69]	?	bull		selachian squaloid	flake (AUS)
Sheep (list) Also see Ram	lamb lambkin cosset	ewe dam	ram^{[note 5]} buck	flock fold herd	ovine	lamb mutton hoggett
Shrew	shrewlet	sow	boar	colony drove	soricine
Skunk	kit	sow	boar^[3]	surfeit	mephitine
Sloth	kitten pup baby	sow	boar	?/not applicable?	xenarthran (broader group)
Snail	—	—	—	rout^[70]	gastropodian	escargot
Snake (list)	snakelet hatchling (a newly hatched snake) neonate (newborn)	N/A	N/A	nest ball	anguine elapine serpentine viperine ophidian
Sparrow	chick	?	?	flock	passerine
Spider (list)	spiderling	?	?		arachnine arachnoid
Spoonbill	chick	?	?	?	plataleine
Squid	?	?	?	squad		calamari
Squirrel	pup kit kitten	doe	buck	scurry^[30]	sciurine
Starling	?	?	?	chattering^[9]^[28] murmuration^[2]^[9]^[11]^[14]	sturnine
Stingray	?	?	?		myliobatoid
Stinkbug	nymph	?	?		pentatomidae
Stork	?	?	?		ciconine
Swallow	?	?	?		hirundinine
Swan	cygnet flapper	pen	cob	flock lamentation	cygnine
T	T !
Tapir	calf	cow	bull	herd	tapirine
Tarantula	?	?	?	?	?
Tarsier	infant	doe	buck	herd	tarsiine
Tasmanian devil	?	?	?	?	?
Termite	larva	cow	bull	colony nest swarm	isopteran
Tern	?	?	?	?	?
Tiger	cub^[19] whelp	tigress	tiger	ambush^[9] streak^[30]	tigrine
Toad	tadpole toadlet	N/A	N/A	knot^[9]^[11]	ranine batrachian
Trout	fingerling	?	?		?
Tuna	?	?	?	?	?
Turkey (list)	poult	hen	tom gobbler stag jake (immature)	rafter^[71]^[72]^:235	?	poultry
Turtle	hatchling	N/A	N/A	bale^[73]	chelonian
U	U !
V	V !
Vicuña	calf	cow	bull	posse herd	cameline
Viper	?	?	?		viperine
Vulture	?	?	?		vulturine
W	W !
Wallaby	joey	jill	jack	mob	?
Walrus	calf	cow	bull	herd flock	odobenine
Wasp	larva	queen worker	drone	swarm hive colony nest	vespine
Water buffalo	calf	cow	bull	pot		carabeef
Weasel	pup kit	bitch doe jill	buck dog hub jack	gang^[13] sneak^[13]	musteline
Whale	calf^[25]	cow^[26]	bull	pod school	cetacean cetaceous	blubber
Wildcat	kitten	queen	tom
Wolf	pup^[5] puppy cub whelp	bitch she-wolf	dog	pack	lupine canine
Wolverine	kit whelp	angeline	wolverine	pack	musteline
Wombat	joey	jill	jack	peregrine	?
Woodcock	?	?	?		?
Woodpecker	chick	?	?		picine
Worm	wormlet	?	?		helminthic vermian
Wren	chick	cow	bull		troglodytine
X	X !
Y	Y !
Yak	calf	cow	bull	herd	?
Z	Z !
Zebra	colt foal	mare	stallion	herd^[9]^[74] cohort^[74] dazzle ^[75] zeal^[9]^[74]	zebrine hippotigrine

Contents

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

See also
References

Notes

^ The term "flange" was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
^ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
^ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States, or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
^ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
^ ^a ^b A castrated male sheep or goat is a wether. See sheep for more names.
^ The term "cast" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
^ The term "aerie" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. "Aerie" also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
^ The term "staff" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
^ The term "leash" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
^ The term "flight" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks. Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.

References

^ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al "What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Dictionary.com Animal Names".
^ "Merriam Webster Dictionary".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Pup"
^ National Geographic Animals: Albatross http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/albatross/
^ ^a ^b Ivan G. Sparkes, Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms ().
^ Riddell, Te Aorere. Toroa: The Royal Albatross. Huia, 2003. 11. Print.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb "San Diego Zoo". archived copy of Animal group names. Zoological Society of San Diego. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "AskOxford: A". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw "Common Questions: What Do You Call a Group of...?". archived copy of Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology By Valerius Geist, 1998, ISBN 0-8117-0496-3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Beat about the Bush: Mammals, by Trevor Carnaby, published by Jacana Media, January 1, 2008, page 362. ISBN 978-1-77009-240-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Berners, Dame Juliana (1881) [First published 1486]. The Boke of Saint Albans. Introduction by William Blades (reproduction ed.). London: Elliot Stock. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y "AskOxford: B". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
^ Thomson, Donald A. (2000). "school+of+barracuda" Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez : the rocky-shore fishes of the Gulf of California (Rev. ed., 1st University of Texas Press ed. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-292-78155-9. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
^ Campbell, Charles A.R. (2002). "cloud+of+bats" Bats, mosquitoes and dollars. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-89875-932-7.
^ Brown, Michael J. (1997). "flock+of+bats" Durio, a bibliographic review. New Delhi, India: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Office for South Asia. p. 62. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Cub"
^ ^a ^b ^c Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Porcine Precision: A Sounder of Swine". Retrieved 2014-05-13.
^ Gib Definition 2
^ "AskOxford: C". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
^ Definition of kindle by the Free Online Dictionary
^ Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Suburban Pests & Biblical Plagues: An Army of Caterpillars". Retrieved 2014-04-30.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Calf"
^ ^a ^b ^c "Cow"
^ Caro, T.M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-226-09434-2.
^ ^a ^b Definition of Chattering by the Free Online Dictionary
^ Definition of Clattering by the Free Online Dictionary
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Universe in Your Pocket by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.
^ Gray, p. 594
^ ^a ^b Definition of Sege by the Free Online Dictionary
^ ^a ^b Definition of Siege by the Free Online Dictionary
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v "AskOxford: D". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whelp
^ http://www.akc.org/enewsletter/akc_breeder/2009/fall/handbook.cfm
^ http://www.metaphordogs.org/Dogs/entries/coward.html
^ http://www.akc.org/breeds/boxer/index.cfm
^ http://www.the-puppy-dog-place.com/boxer.html
^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cry
^ "Shark utilization, marketing and trade". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
^ ^a ^b "Bull"
^ Munroe, Susan (2013). "Giant Pandas at the Toronto Zoo". Canada Onlibe. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
^ Handley, Julia (2010). "tower+of+giraffes" Little things. [S.l.]: Authorhouse. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4520-6170-2.
^ Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Whence the Wildebeest: An Implausibility of Gnus". Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^ Lynn-Allen, Lieut.-Colonel B. G. (1951). Shot-gun and Sunlight - The Game Birds of East Africa. London: Batchworth Press.
^ Mobley, Jason A. (2009). "guinea+fowl"+flock Birds of the world. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-7614-7775-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "AskOxford: H". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Cast and Let Fly: A Kettle of Hawks". Retrieved 2014-05-06.
^ ^a ^b http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-a-group-of-jaguars-called
^ International Wildlife Encyclopedia By Robert Burton, 2002, vol. 8, ISBN 0-7614-7266-5, p. 1322
^ "Kangaroo Facts". Outback Australia Travel Guide.
^ Bradley Trevor Greive, Mitsuaki Iwago (2003). Priceless : the vanishing beauty of a fragile planet. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7407-2695-8.
^ McArdle,, John E. (1981). Functional morphology of the hip and thigh of the lorisiformes. Basel, München [usw.]: Karger. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-8055-1767-6.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company, [1]
^ See Mouse#As food
^ Brockes, J.; Kumar, A. (2005). "Newts". Current Biology 15 (2): R4244. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.049. PMID 15668151.
^ http://news.distractify.com/beth-buczynski/octopus-facts-worth-ogling/?v=1
^ http://quizzes.ask.com/What_is_a_group_of_octopuses_called
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "International Bureaucrats Agree: A Waddle of Penguins". Retrieved 2014-04-30.
^ New Zealand Penguins - Frequently Asked Questions
^ Gilt Definition 2
^ Barrow Definition 3
^ Stephanie Strom (January 20, 2014). "Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors". New York Times.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Goddess of the Dawn: An Aurora of Polar Bears". Retrieved 2014-05-06.
^ http://www.thealmightyguru.com/Pointless/AnimalGroups.html
^ Lilford, F.L.S. 1894-5. Notes on the Ornithology of Northhamptonshire and Neighborhood for 1893. Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Vol 8 p54.
^ Definition of Parr by the Free Online Dictionary
^ Florida Museum of Natural History. "Shark Biology". Retrieved 25 Jan 2014.
^ Simpson, J. A. (1996). The Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press. p. 1620. ISBN 0-19-861258-3.
^ Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus (2003), ISBN 0316735876, ISBN 9780316735872, "Collective Names for Creatures", p. 90 (accessed 3 March 2014)
^ John G. Robertson (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, Senior Scribe Publications ISBN 0963091905, ISBN 9780963091901, Appendix M: Group Names, pp. 231-236 (accessed 3 March 2014). Page 231 states that "The nomenclature in italics were considered the proper terms for groups of beasts, fish, fowls, insects or whatever was designated and 'codified in the fifteenth century'.... [However, regarding non-italicized terms,] Many of the words in the following list have no authoritative basis and have been created to express possible names for the groups represented."
^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bale
^ ^a ^b ^c "AskOxford: Z". Retrieved 2010-06-22.
^ The dictionary definition of dazzle at Wiktionary

English Journal

Phocine distemper virus (PDV) seroprevalence as predictor for future outbreaks in harbour seals.

Ludes-Wehrmeister E1, Dupke C2, Harder TC3, Baumgärtner W4, Haas L5, Teilmann J6, Dietz R6, Jensen LF7, Siebert U8.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2016 Feb 1;183:43-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.017. Epub 2015 Nov 26.
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) infections caused the two most pronounced mass mortalities in marine mammals documented in the past century. During the two outbreaks, 23,000 and 30,000 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), died in 1988/1989 and 2002 across populations in the Wadden Sea and adjacent waters,
PMID 26790934

In Vitro Exposure of Harbor Seal Immune Cells to Aroclor 1260 Alters Phocine Distemper Virus Replication.

Bogomolni A1,2, Frasca S Jr3, Levin M3, Matassa K4, Nielsen O5, Waring G6, De Guise S3,7.
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.2016 Jan;70(1):121-32. doi: 10.1007/s00244-015-0178-z. Epub 2015 Jul 4.
In the last 30 years, several large-scale marine mammal mortality events have occurred, often in close association with highly polluted regions, leading to suspicions that contaminant-induced immunosuppression contributed to these epizootics. Some of these recent events also identified morbillivirus
PMID 26142119

Development of a TaqMan Array Card for Acute-Febrile-Illness Outbreak Investigation and Surveillance of Emerging Pathogens, Including Ebola Virus.

Liu J1, Ochieng C2, Wiersma S3, Ströher U4, Towner JS4, Whitmer S4, Nichol ST4, Moore CC1, Kersh GJ5, Kato C5, Sexton C5, Petersen J5, Massung R4, Hercik C6, Crump JA7, Kibiki G8, Maro A8, Mujaga B8, Gratz J8, Jacob ST9, Banura P10, Scheld WM1, Juma B11, Onyango CO11, Montgomery JM12, Houpt E13, Fields B14.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2016 Jan;54(1):49-58. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02257-15. Epub 2015 Oct 21.
Acute febrile illness (AFI) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet an etiologic agent is often not identified. Convalescent-phase serology is impractical, blood culture is slow, and many pathogens are fastidious or impossible to cultivate. We developed a real-time PCR-
PMID 26491176

Japanese Journal

ジステンパーウイルス (特集動物のウイルス感染症)

佐藤宏樹,甲斐知恵子
Virus report 6(1), 72-80, 2009
NAID 40016741757

Seroepidemiological survey of morbillivirus infection in Kuril harbor seals （Phoca vitulina stejnegeri） of Hokkaido, Japan

Fujii Kei,Sato Hiroki,Kakumoto Chiharu,Kobayashi Mari,Saito Sachiko,Kariya Tatsuya,Watanabe Yukiko,Sakoda Yoshihiro,Kai Chieko,Kida Hiroshi,Suzuki Masatsugu
Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 54(2-3), 109-117, 2006-11-30
… Serum samples were collected from theseals at Nosappu（２３１sera），Akkeshi（１６），and Erimo（７５）between１９９８and２００５．Antibodies to phocine distemper virus（PDV）were detected by ELISAin seals from Nosappu and Erimo. …
NAID 80018735421

Related Pictures

Phocine 07 Click to open larger image in new window Phocine Distemper in German Seals, 2002 by phocine distemper virus Figure 1 - Phocine Distemper Phocine Phocine 03

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アザラシ」「earless seal」
拡張検索	「phocine distemper virus」

「アザラシ」

　　[★]

英: earless seal、phocine
関: アザラシジステンパーウイルス

「earless seal」

　　[★]

アザラシ

関: phocine、phocine distemper virus

「phocine distemper virus」

　　[★]

アザラシジステンパーウイルス

関: earless seal

[16] The term "flange" was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.

[21] A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.

[27] Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States, or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.

[30] Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.

[wether-50] A castrated male sheep or goat is a wether. See sheep for more names.

[55] The term "cast" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.

[56] The term "aerie" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. "Aerie" also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.

[57] The term "staff" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.

[58] The term "leash" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.

[59] The term "flight" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks. Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.

[1] Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5

[oxfordfaq-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al "What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2011-12-13.

[dictcom-3] "Dictionary.com Animal Names".

[merriamweb-4] "Merriam Webster Dictionary".

[pup-5] "Pup"

[6] National Geographic Animals: Albatross http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/albatross/

[sparkes-7] Ivan G. Sparkes, Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms ().

[8] Riddell, Te Aorere. Toroa: The Royal Albatross. Huia, 2003. 11. Print.

[sdzoo-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb "San Diego Zoo". archived copy of Animal group names. Zoological Society of San Diego. Retrieved 2014-04-22.

[askoxford-a-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "AskOxford: A". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-05-27.

[usgs-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw "Common Questions: What Do You Call a Group of...?". archived copy of Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved 2015-04-13.

[geist-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology By Valerius Geist, 1998, ISBN 0-8117-0496-3

[Carnaby-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Beat about the Bush: Mammals, by Trevor Carnaby, published by Jacana Media, January 1, 2008, page 362. ISBN 978-1-77009-240-2.

[albans-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Berners, Dame Juliana (1881) [First published 1486]. The Boke of Saint Albans. Introduction by William Blades (reproduction ed.). London: Elliot Stock. Retrieved 2011-05-27.

[askoxford-b-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y "AskOxford: B". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2012-06-15.

[Thomson00-17] Thomson, Donald A. (2000). "school+of+barracuda" Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez : the rocky-shore fishes of the Gulf of California (Rev. ed., 1st University of Texas Press ed. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-292-78155-9. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)

[Campbell02-18] Campbell, Charles A.R. (2002). "cloud+of+bats" Bats, mosquitoes and dollars. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-89875-932-7.

[durio-19] Brown, Michael J. (1997). "flock+of+bats" Durio, a bibliographic review. New Delhi, India: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Office for South Asia. p. 62. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7.

[cub-20] "Cub"

[boardreh-22] Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Porcine Precision: A Sounder of Swine". Retrieved 2014-05-13.

[23] Gib Definition 2

[askoxford-c-24] "AskOxford: C". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-02-16.

[25] Definition of kindle by the Free Online Dictionary

[26] Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Suburban Pests & Biblical Plagues: An Army of Caterpillars". Retrieved 2014-04-30.

[calf-28] "Calf"

[cow-29] "Cow"

[Caro94-31] Caro, T.M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-226-09434-2.

[chattering-32] Definition of Chattering by the Free Online Dictionary

[33] Definition of Clattering by the Free Online Dictionary

[universe-34] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Universe in Your Pocket by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.

[35] Gray, p. 594

[sege-36] Definition of Sege by the Free Online Dictionary

[siege-37] Definition of Siege by the Free Online Dictionary

[askoxford-d-38] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v "AskOxford: D". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-05-27.

[39] ttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whelp

[40] ttp://www.akc.org/enewsletter/akc_breeder/2009/fall/handbook.cfm

[41] ttp://www.metaphordogs.org/Dogs/entries/coward.html

[42] ttp://www.akc.org/breeds/boxer/index.cfm

[43] ttp://www.the-puppy-dog-place.com/boxer.html

[44] ttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/cry

[fao-45] "Shark utilization, marketing and trade". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

[elephant-46] "Bull"

[47] Munroe, Susan (2013). "Giant Pandas at the Toronto Zoo". Canada Onlibe. Retrieved 2013-10-15.

[handley10-48] Handley, Julia (2010). "tower+of+giraffes" Little things. [S.l.]: Authorhouse. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4520-6170-2.

[49] Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Whence the Wildebeest: An Implausibility of Gnus". Retrieved 2014-04-27.

[51] Lynn-Allen, Lieut.-Colonel B. G. (1951). Shot-gun and Sunlight - The Game Birds of East Africa. London: Batchworth Press.

[Mobley09-52] Mobley, Jason A. (2009). "guinea+fowl"+flock Birds of the world. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-7614-7775-4.

[askoxford-h-53] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "AskOxford: H". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2012-12-18.

[hawkreh-54] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Cast and Let Fly: A Kettle of Hawks". Retrieved 2014-05-06.

[ask.com-60] ttp://www.ask.com/question/what-is-a-group-of-jaguars-called

[61] International Wildlife Encyclopedia By Robert Burton, 2002, vol. 8, ISBN 0-7614-7266-5, p. 1322

[kangaroo_facts-62] "Kangaroo Facts". Outback Australia Travel Guide.

[priceless-63] Bradley Trevor Greive, Mitsuaki Iwago (2003). Priceless : the vanishing beauty of a fragile planet. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7407-2695-8.

[64] McArdle,, John E. (1981). Functional morphology of the hip and thigh of the lorisiformes. Basel, München [usw.]: Karger. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-8055-1767-6.

[65] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company, [1]

[66] See Mouse#As food

[67] Brockes, J.; Kumar, A. (2005). "Newts". Current Biology 15 (2): R4244. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.049. PMID 15668151.

[68] ttp://news.distractify.com/beth-buczynski/octopus-facts-worth-ogling/?v=1

[69] ttp://quizzes.ask.com/What_is_a_group_of_octopuses_called

[penguin-70] Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "International Bureaucrats Agree: A Waddle of Penguins". Retrieved 2014-04-30.

[71] New Zealand Penguins - Frequently Asked Questions

[72] Gilt Definition 2

[73] Barrow Definition 3

[74] Stephanie Strom (January 20, 2014). "Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors". New York Times.

[aurora-75] Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Goddess of the Dawn: An Aurora of Polar Bears". Retrieved 2014-05-06.

[76] ttp://www.thealmightyguru.com/Pointless/AnimalGroups.html

[77] Lilford, F.L.S. 1894-5. Notes on the Ornithology of Northhamptonshire and Neighborhood for 1893. Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Vol 8 p54.

[78] Definition of Parr by the Free Online Dictionary

[79] Florida Museum of Natural History. "Shark Biology". Retrieved 25 Jan 2014.

[80] Simpson, J. A. (1996). The Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press. p. 1620. ISBN 0-19-861258-3.

[bartlett2003-81] Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus (2003), ISBN 0316735876, ISBN 9780316735872, "Collective Names for Creatures", p. 90 (accessed 3 March 2014)

[robertson1991-82] John G. Robertson (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, Senior Scribe Publications ISBN 0963091905, ISBN 9780963091901, Appendix M: Group Names, pp. 231-236 (accessed 3 March 2014). Page 231 states that "The nomenclature in italics were considered the proper terms for groups of beasts, fish, fowls, insects or whatever was designated and 'codified in the fifteenth century'.... [However, regarding non-italicized terms,] Many of the words in the following list have no authoritative basis and have been created to express possible names for the groups represented."

[83] ttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/bale

[askoxford-z-84] "AskOxford: Z". Retrieved 2010-06-22.

[85] The dictionary definition of dazzle at Wiktionary

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