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formerly used as a treatment to reduce excess blood (one of the four humors of medieval medicine)
(medicine) puncture of a vein through the skin in order to withdraw blood for analysis or to start an intravenous drip or to inject medication or a radiopaque dye
surgical incision into a vein; used to treat hemochromatosis (同)phlebotomy

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瀉血(しゃけつ)(静脈を切って血を流す高血圧などの治療法) / 流血
静脈注射

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/16 08:55:49」(JST)

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Phlebotomy (from the Greek words phlebo-, meaning "pertaining to a blood vessel", and -tomy, meaning "to make an incision") is the process of making an incision in a vein with a needle. The procedure itself is known as a venipuncture. A person who performs phlebotomy is called a "phlebotomist", although doctors, nurses, medical laboratory scientists and others do portions of phlebotomy procedures in many countries.^[1]

Phlebotomists

Phlebotomists are people trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research. Phlebotomists collect blood primarily by performing venipunctures, (or, for collection of minute quantities of blood, fingersticks).^[2] Blood may be collected from infants by means of a heel stick. The duties of a phlebotomist may include properly identifying the patient, interpreting the tests requested on the requisition, drawing blood into the correct tubes with the proper additives, accurately explaining the procedure to the patients, preparing patients accordingly, practicing the required forms of asepsis, practicing standard and universal precautions, performing the skin/vein puncture, withdrawing blood into containers or tubes, restoring hemostasis of the puncture site, instructing patients on post-puncture care, ordering tests per the doctor's requisition, affixing tubes with electronically printed labels, and delivering specimens to a laboratory.

Some countries, states, or districts require that phlebotomy personnel be licensed or registered:

Australia

In Australia, there are a number of courses in phlebotomy offered by educational institutions, but training is typically provided on the job. The minimum primary qualification for phlebotomists in Australia is a Certificate III in Pathology HLT 32607 or a Certificate IV in Pathology HLT41807 (from an approved educational institution); current senior first aid certification must be included.^[3]

United Kingdom

In the UK there is no requirement for holding a formal qualification or certification prior to becoming a phlebotomist as training is usually provided on the job. The NHS offers training with formal certification upon completion.^[4]

United States

Special state certification in the United States is required only in four states: California, Washington, Nevada, and Louisiana. A phlebotomist can become nationally certified through many different organizations. However, California currently only accepts national certificates from six agencies. These include: American Certification Agency (ACA), American Medical Technologists (AMT), American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), National Center for Competency Testing/Multi-skilled Medical Certification Institute (NCCT/MMCI), National Credentialing Agency (NCA), National Healthcareer Association (NHA).^[5] These and other agencies also certify phlebotomists outside the state of California. To qualify to sit for an examination, candidates must complete a full phlebotomy course and provide documentation of clinical or laboratory experience.

History

Early "phlebotomists" used techniques such as leeches to extract blood from the body. It was used as a healing process, thought to remove toxins from the blood stream.

References

^ "FAQ". National Association of Phlebotomists. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
^ Jeon BR, Seo M, Lee YW, Shin HB, Lee SH, Lee YK (2011). "Improving the blood collection process using the active-phlebotomist phlebotomy system". Clinical Laboratory 57 (1-2): 21–7. PMID 21391461.
^ "Pathology Collector / Phlebotomist". Australian Institute of Medical Scientists. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ "Phlebotomist". NHS Careers. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/lfs/Documents/P-LFS-Approved-CertOrg-Exams.pdf

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5. 遺伝性ヘモクロマトーシス以外の鉄過剰症候群 iron overload syndromes other than hereditary hemochromatosis

English Journal

Exsanguination Postconditioning of ICH (EPIC-H) Using the Lancet for Brain Bleed in Rodents, Preliminary Study.

Lekic T1, Zhang JH2,3.
Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.Acta Neurochir Suppl.2016;121:49-53. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_9.
Cerebral iron overload contributes to free-radical damage and secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Phlebotomy most effectively removes iron from the human body, compared with any pharmacological agent (e.g., chelator), and does not impact mean arterial blood pressure. For
PMID 26463922

Efficiency of an Automated Reception and Turnaround Time Management System for the Phlebotomy Room.

Yun SG1,2, Shin JW3, Park ES1, Bang HI1, Kang JG1.
Annals of laboratory medicine.Ann Lab Med.2016 Jan;36(1):49-54. doi: 10.3343/alm.2016.36.1.49.
BACKGROUND: Recent advances in laboratory information systems have largely been focused on automation. However, the phlebotomy services have not been completely automated. To address this issue, we introduced an automated reception and turnaround time (TAT) management system, for the first time in K
PMID 26522759

Pre-analytical phase: The automated ProTube device supports quality assurance in the phlebotomy process.

Piva E1, Tosato F2, Plebani M3.
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.Clin Chim Acta.2015 Dec 7;451(Pt B):287-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.010. Epub 2015 Oct 17.
PMID 26485253