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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/11 01:04:43」(JST)

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A phenocopy is a variation in phenotype (generally referring to a single trait) which is caused by environmental conditions (often, but not necessarily, during the organism's development), such that the organism's phenotype matches a phenotype which is determined by genetic factors. It is not a type of mutation, as it is non-hereditary.

The term was coined by Richard Goldschmidt in 1935.^[1] He used it to refer to forms, produced by some experimental procedure, whose appearance duplicates or copies the phenotype of some mutant or combination of mutants.

Examples of phenocopy

The Vanessa genus of butterflies can change phenotype based on the local temperature. If introduced to Lapland they mimic butterflies localised to this area; and if localised to Syria they mimic butterflies of this area.

The larvae of Drosophila melanogaster have been worked by Jonh Days and is particularly vulnerable to environmental factors which produce phenocopies of known mutations; these factors include temperature, shock, radiation, and various chemical compounds. In fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the normal body colour is brownish-gray with black margins. A hereditary mutant for this was discovered by T.H. Morgan and Tiago Rabbit in 1910 where the body colour is yellow. This was a genotypic character which was constant in both the flies in all environments. However, in 1939, Rapport discovered that if larva of normal flies were fed with silver salts, they develop into yellow bodied flies irrespective of their genotype^{[citation needed]}. The yellow bodied flies which are genetically brown is a variant of the original yellow bodied fly.

Chocolate-colored male Himalayan Rabbit

Phenocopy can also be observed in Himalayan rabbits. When raised in moderate temperatures, Himalayan rabbits are white in colour with black tail, nose, and ears, making them phenotypically distinguishable from genetically Black rabbits. However, when raised in cold temperatures, Himalayan rabbits show black colouration of their coats, resembling the genetically black rabbits. Hence this Himalayan rabbit is a phenocopy of the genetically black rabbit.^[2]

Reversible and/or cosmetic modifications such as the use of hair bleach are not considered to be phenocopy, as they are not inherent traits.

References

^ Goldschmidt. R., 1935. Gen und Ausseneigenschaft. I. Zeitschr. ind. Abstl. 69: 38-69
^ Baum P, Schmid R, Ittrich C, Rust W, Fundel-Clemens K, et al. (2010)

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English Journal

Activation loop phosphorylation regulates B-Raf in vivo and transformation by B-Raf mutants.

Köhler M1, Röring M1, Schorch B2, Heilmann K3, Stickel N4, Fiala GJ5, Schmitt LC6, Braun S7, Ehrenfeld S8, Uhl FM8, Kaltenbacher T8, Weinberg F6, Herzog S9, Zeiser R10, Schamel WW11, Jumaa H12, Brummer T13.
The EMBO journal.EMBO J.2015 Dec 10. pii: e201592097. [Epub ahead of print]
Despite being mutated in cancer and RASopathies, the role of the activation segment (AS) has not been addressed for B-Raf signaling in vivo. Here, we generated a conditional knock-in mouse allowing the expression of the B-RafAVKA mutant in which the AS phosphoacceptor sites T599 and S602 are replac
PMID 26657898

TGF-β treatment enhances glioblastoma virotherapy by inhibiting the innate immune response.

Han J1, Chen X2, Chu J3, Xu B4, Meisen WH5, Chen L4, Zhang L2, Zhang J3, He X3, Wang QE6, Chiocca EA7, Kaur B8, Caligiuri MA9, Yu J10.
Cancer research.Cancer Res.2015 Dec 2. pii: canres.0894.2015. [Epub ahead of print]
Oncolytic viruses including oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) have produced provocative therapeutic responses in patients with glioblastoma (GB), the most aggressive brain tumor. Paradoxically, innate immune responses mediated by natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages/microglia appear to limi
PMID 26631269

Functions of dendritic-cell-bound IgE in allergy.

Platzer B1, Stout M2, Fiebiger E3.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 Dec;68(2 Pt A):116-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.016. Epub 2015 Jun 4.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) functions as an Fc-receptor-bound antigen sensor for mast cells and basophils, the classical effector cells of allergy. A cell-bound IgE pool is formed when monomeric IgE binds to FcɛRI, the high affinity IgE Fc receptor on these cells, and minor amounts of antigen are suffic
PMID 26052071

Japanese Journal

胚操作による実験進化発生学 : 非モデル動物を用いたフェノコピー創出実験

野村真
Studia humana et naturalia -(-), 53-64, 2011-12
NAID 40019237377

A Truncated Form of SpoT, Including the ACT Domain, Inhibits the Production of Cyclic Lipopeptide Arthrofactin, and Is Associated with Moderate Elevation of Guanosine 3',5'-Bispyrophosphate Level in Pseudomonas sp. MIS38

, , [他],
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 75(10), 1880-1888, 2011-10-23
… Expression of the C-terminal segment also reduced MIS38 swarming and resulted in extensive biofilm formation, which constitutes the phenocopy of the <I>spoT::Tn5</I> …
NAID 10029872500