関: flowering plant

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/13 19:41:07」(JST)

wiki en

The spermatophytes (from the Greek word "Σπερματόφυτα"), also known as phanerogams or phenogamae, comprise those plants that produce seeds, hence the alternative name seed plants. They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. The term phanerogams or phanerogamae is derived from the Greek φανερός, phaneros = "visible", in contrast to the cryptogamae from Greek κρυπτός kryptos = "hidden" together with the suffix γαμέω, gameein, "to marry". These terms distinguished those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible sexual organs (phanerogamae).

Description

The living spermatophytes form five groups:

cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk,
Ginkgo, a single living species of tree,
conifers, cone-bearing trees and shrubs,
gnetophytes, woody plants in the genera Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia
angiosperms, (or magnoliophyta) the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats.

In addition to the taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many extinct taxa of seed plants. The so-called "seed ferns" (Pteridospermae) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late Paleozoic. Glossopteris was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana during the Permian period. By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the Cretaceous, when angiosperms radiated. Another Late Paleozoic group of probable spermatophytes were the gigantopterids.

Evolution

A whole genome duplication event in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about 319 million years ago.^[1] This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of seed plants.

A middle Devonian precursor to seed plants from Belgium has been identified predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years. Runcaria, small and radially symmetrical, is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule. The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the mutlilobed integument. It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous pollination. Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed. Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to guide the pollen to the seed.^[2]

Relationships and nomenclature

Seed-bearing plants were traditionally divided into angiosperms, or flowering plants, and gymnosperms, which includes the gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Older morphological studies believed in a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms,^[3] in particular based on vessel elements. However, molecular studies (and some more recent morphological^[4] and fossil^[5] papers) have generally shown a clade of gymnosperms, with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers. For example, one common proposed set of relationships is known as the gne-pine hypothesis and looks like:^[6]^[7]^[8]

angiosperms (flowering plants)

gymnosperms

cycads ^[9]

Ginkgo

	Pinaceae (the pine family)

	gnetophytes

other conifers

However, the relationships between these groups should not be considered settled.^[3]^[10]

Other classifications group all the seed plants in a single division, with classes for our five groups:

Division Spermatophyta
- Cycadopsida, the cycads
- Ginkgoopsida, the ginkgo
- Pinopsida, the conifers, ("Coniferopsida")
- Gnetopsida, the gnetophytes
- Magnoliopsida, the flowering plants, or Angiospermopsida

A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the Superdivision Spermatophyta):

Cycadophyta, the cycads
Ginkgophyta, the ginkgo
Pinophyta, the conifers
Gnetophyta, the gnetophytes
Magnoliophyta, the flowering plants

References

^ Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Clifton SW, Schlarbaum SE, Schuster SC, Ma H, Leebens-Mack J, Depamphilis CW (2011) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature
^ "Science Magazine". Runcaria, a Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1437–1445. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.
^ James A. Doyle (January 2006). "Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133 (1): 169–209. doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1095-5674.
^ Zi-Qiang Wang (2004). "A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny". Annals of Botany 94 (2): 281–288. doi:10.1093/aob/mch138. PMID 15229124.
^ Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Parkinson, Christopher L.; Cheng, Yuchang; Vincent, Thomas M.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (2000). "Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (8): 4086–4091. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086. PMC 18157. PMID 10760277.
^ Bowe, L. M.; Michelle, L.; Coat, Gwénaële; Claude (2000). "Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (8): 4092–4097. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4092. PMC 18159. PMID 10760278.
^ Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Zanis, Michael J. (2002). "Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes". American Journal of Botany 89 (10): 1670–1681. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670. PMID 21665594.
^ Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu and Shu-Miaw Chaw (2007). "Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (6): 1366–1379. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm059. PMID 17383970.
^ Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (August 2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain". Systematic Biology 55 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1080/10635150600812619. PMID 16969937.

English Journal

[Ambrosia pollinosis].

Déchamp C.SourceInstitution: Association française d'étude des ambroisies AFEDA, 25, rue Ambroise-Paré, 69800 Saint-Priest, France. afeda@wanadoo.fr
Revue des maladies respiratoires.Rev Mal Respir.2013 Apr;30(4):316-27. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.10.632. Epub 2013 Feb 1.
Pollinosis is now called seasonal allergic rhinitis by the international terminology but pollinosis includes many other symptoms and so we will use the term Ambrosia pollinosis in this article. The characteristics of ragweed pollinosis are: severity, duration from August to September and the presenc
PMID 23664290

[Antioxidant effect and polyphenol content of Syringodium filiforme (Cymodoceaceae)].

González García KL, Valdés Iglesias O, Laguna A, Díaz Martínez M, González Lavaut JA.SourceDepartamento de Química, Centro de Bioproductos Marinos (CEBIMAR), Loma y 37. Nuevo Vedado, Ciudad Habana, Cuba, CP 10600. kethiagg05@yahoo.es
Revista de biología tropical.Rev Biol Trop.2011 Mar;59(1):465-72.
The marine phanerogam Syringodium filiforme, known as "manatee grass", is a common species that grows in coastal areas associated to Thalassia testudinum. With the aim to describe some of its possible chemical characteristics, this study was performed with a sample of 1.2 kg, collected in March 2009
PMID 21516660

Structural characterization and cytotoxic properties of an apiose-rich pectic polysaccharide obtained from the cell wall of the marine phanerogam Zostera marina.

Gloaguen V, Brudieux V, Closs B, Barbat A, Krausz P, Sainte-Catherine O, Kraemer M, Maes E, Guerardel Y.SourceLaboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, EA 1069, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, Universite de Limoges, F-87060 SILAB, Saint Viance F-19240, France. vincent.gloaguen@unilim.fr
Journal of natural products.J Nat Prod.2010 Jun 25;73(6):1087-92. doi: 10.1021/np100092c.
Zosterin, an apiose-rich pectic polysaccharide, was extracted and purified from the sea grass Zostera marina. Structural studies conducted by gas chromatography and NMR spectroscopy on a purified zosterin fraction (AGU) revealed a typical apiogalacturonan structure comprising an alpha-1,4-d-galactop
PMID 20465284

Japanese Journal

Phenology and morphology of the marine phanerogam Zostera caulescens Miki in Funakoshi Bay, northeast Honshu Island, Japan

Shabaka Soha,Komatsu Teruhisa
Coastal marine science 34(1), 13-23, 2010
Zostera caulescens Miki is distributed around the Honshu Island, Japan, and a threatened species. Its population in Funakoshi Bay on the Sanriku Coast, northeast Honshu Island, is known to be the worl …
NAID 40017386863

Antioxidant Activity of Some Phanerogam Plant Extracts

CONDRAT Dumitru,SZABO Maria-Raluca,CRISAN Florin,LUPEA Alfa-Xenia
Food science and technology research 15(1), 95-98, 2009-01-01
… Nine phanerogam plants (common lady's-mantle, bear's garlic, common sweet flag, agrimony, goldenrod, common speedwell, european mistletoe, horsetail and milfoil) were evaluated regarding their total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. …
NAID 10025348664

Isolation and Expression of Two Aquaporin-Encoding Genes from the Marine Phanerogam Posidonia oceanica

Maestrini Pierluigi,Giordani Tommaso,Lunardi Andrea [他],CAVALLINI Andrea,NATALI Lucia
Plant and cell physiology 45(12), 1838-1847, 2004-12-01
NAID 10014214678

「顕花植物」

Seed Plants; Temporal range: Devonian? or earlier to recent
	Welwitschia mirabilis a member of the Gnetophyta
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Subkingdom:	Embryophyta
(unranked):	Spermatophyta
Divisions
	Cycadophyta; Ginkgophyta; Pinophyta; Gnetophyta; Magnoliophyta; Pteridospermatophyta†;
Synonyms
	Phanerogamae;

　　[★]

英: flowering plant、phanerogam
関: 顕花植物類

「顕花植物類」

　　[★]

英: phanerogam
関: 顕花植物

「flowering plant」

　　[★]

顕花植物

関: phanerogam

[Jiao2011-1] Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Clifton SW, Schlarbaum SE, Schuster SC, Ma H, Leebens-Mack J, Depamphilis CW (2011) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature

[2] "Science Magazine". Runcaria, a Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.

[palmer-3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1437–1445. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.

[4] James A. Doyle (January 2006). "Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133 (1): 169–209. doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1095-5674.

[5] Zi-Qiang Wang (2004). "A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny". Annals of Botany 94 (2): 281–288. doi:10.1093/aob/mch138. PMID 15229124.

[6] Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Parkinson, Christopher L.; Cheng, Yuchang; Vincent, Thomas M.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (2000). "Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (8): 4086–4091. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086. PMC 18157. PMID 10760277.

[7] Bowe, L. M.; Michelle, L.; Coat, Gwénaële; Claude (2000). "Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (8): 4092–4097. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4092. PMC 18159. PMID 10760278.

[8] Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Zanis, Michael J. (2002). "Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes". American Journal of Botany 89 (10): 1670–1681. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670. PMID 21665594.

[9] Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu and Shu-Miaw Chaw (2007). "Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (6): 1366–1379. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm059. PMID 17383970.

[10] Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (August 2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain". Systematic Biology 55 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1080/10635150600812619. PMID 16969937.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

phanerogam