n.

人物、人間

関: human being

WordNet

a human being; "there was too much for one person to do" (同)individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul
a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party; "stop talking about yourself in the third person"
a human body (usually including the clothing); "a weapon was hidden on his person"
a person regarded as nonexistent and having no rights; a person whose existence is systematically ignored (especially for ideological or political reasons); "the former senator is treated as a nonperson by this administration"; "George Orwell predicted that political dissidents would be treated as unpersons" (同)unperson
a person of greater than average size
a native or inhabitant of England

PrepTutorEJDIC

(性別・年齢に関係なく)『人』 / (人間の)『体』,身体 / 《単数形で》『容姿』,身なり / (文法で)人称

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/25 21:53:55」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A person is a being, such as a human, that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The defining features of personhood and consequently what makes a person count as a person differ widely among cultures and contexts.

In addition to the question of personhood, of what makes a being count as a person to begin with, there are further questions about personal identity and self: both about what makes any particular person that particular person instead of another, and about what makes a person at one time the same person as he or she was or will be at another time despite any intervening changes.

The common plural of "person", "people", is often used to refer to an entire nation or ethnic group (as in "a people"). The plural "persons" is often used in philosophical and legal writing.

Development of the concept

In ancient Rome, the word persona (Latin) or prosopon (πρόσωπον; Greek) originally referred to the masks worn by actors on stage. The various masks represented the various "personae" in the stage play.^[5]

The concept of person was further developed during the Trinitarian and Christological debates of the 4th and 5th centuries in contrast to the word nature.^[6] During the theological debates, some philosophical tools (concepts) were needed so that the debates could be held on common basis to all theological schools. The purpose of the debate was to establish the relation, similarities and differences between the Λóγος/Verbum and God. The philosophical concept of person arose, taking the word "prosopon" (πρόσωπον) from the Greek theatre. Therefore, Christus (the Λóγος/Verbum) and God were defined as different "persons". This concept was applied later to the Holy Ghost, the angels and to all human beings.

Since then, a number of important changes to the word's meaning and use have taken place, and attempts have been made to redefine the word with varying degrees of adoption and influence.

Personhood

An abstract painting of a person by Paul Klee. The concept of a person can be very challenging to define.

The criteria for being a person... are designed to capture those attributes which are the subject of our most humane concern with ourselves and the source of what we regard as most important and most problematical in our lives.

— Harry G. Frankfurt

Personhood is the status of being a person. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in philosophy and law, and is closely tied to legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty. According to law^[specify], only a natural person or legal personality has rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and legal liability. Personhood continues to be a topic of international debate, and has been questioned during the abolition of slavery and the fight for women's rights, in debates about abortion, fetal rights, and in animal rights advocacy.^[7]

Various debates have focused on questions about the personhood of different classes of entities. Historically, the personhood of animals, women, and slaves has been a catalyst of social upheaval. In most societies today, living adult humans are usually considered persons, but depending on the context, theory or definition, the category of "person" may be taken to include or not children or such non-human entities as animals, artificial intelligences, or extraterrestrial life, as well as legal entities such as corporations, sovereign states and other polities, or estates in probate.^[8]

The category may exclude some human entities in prenatal development, and those with extreme mental impairment.

Personal identity

What does it take for individuals to persist from moment to moment – or in other words, for the same individual to exist at different moments?

Personal identity is the unique identity of persons through time. That is to say, the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a person at one time and a person at another time can be said to be the same person, persisting through time. In the modern philosophy of mind, this concept of personal identity is sometimes referred to as the diachronic problem of personal identity. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time.

Identity is an issue for both continental philosophy^{[citation needed]} and analytic philosophy.^{[citation needed]} A key question in continental philosophy is in what sense we can maintain the modern conception of identity, while realizing many of our prior assumptions about the world are incorrect.^{[citation needed]}

Proposed solutions to the problem of personal identity include continuity of the physical body, continuity of an immaterial mind or soul, continuity of consciousness or memory,^[9] the bundle theory of self,^{[citation needed]} continuity of personality after the death of the physical body,^[10] and proposals that there are actually no persons or selves who persist over time at all.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0169.xml
^ De Craemer, Willy. “A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Personhood.” The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, vol. 61, no. 1, 1983, pp. 19–34., www.jstor.org/stable/3349814.
^ Christian Smith. 2003. Moral, Believing Animals: Human Personhood and Culture. Oxford University Press
^ Carrithers, Michael, Steven Collins, and Steven Lukes, eds. 1985. The category of the person: Anthropology, philosophy, history. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
^ Geddes, Leonard (1911). "Person". Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2011-03-09. The Latin word persona was originally used to denote the mask worn by an actor. From this it was applied to the role he assumed, and, finally, to any character on the stage of life, to any individual.
^ Thisleton NIGNTC commentary on 1 Corinthians "Thinkers in ancient times had a difficulty in expressing the notion of personality"; Barfield in History of English Words “Take, for instance, the word person...Its present meaning of an individual human being is largely due to the theologians who hit upon it when they were looking for some term that would enable them to assert the trinity of Godhead without admitting more than one 'substance'"; John Zizioulas in Being as Communion, 1985 New York:St Vladimirs Press p. 27 writes: "although the person and “personal identity” are widely discussed nowadays as a supreme ideal, nobody seems to recognize that historically as well as existentially the concept of the person is indissolubly bound up with theology."
^ For a discussion of non-human personhood, see Midgley, Mary. "Persons and non-persons", in Peter Singer (ed.) In Defense of Animals. Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 52-62.
^ For corporations, see "Justices, 5-4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit", The New York Times, January 21, 2010.
^ Stefaroi, P. (2015). Humanistic Personology: A Humanistic-Ontological Theory of the Person & Personality. Applications in Therapy, Social Work, Education, Management and Art (Theatre). Charleston SC, USA: CreateSpace.
^ For a discussion of post-mortal personhood, see Roth, S. (2013) Dying is only human. The case death makes for the immortality of the person. Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 35-39. [1]

External links

Rights of Non-Human Persons Program (Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies)

UpToDate Contents

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1. スティッフパーソン症候群 stiff person syndrome
2. 脊髄および後根神経節に影響を与える腫瘍随伴性症候群 paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia
3. 成人における転換性障害：用語、診断および鑑別診断 conversion disorder in adults terminology diagnosis and differential diagnosis
4. 破傷風 tetanus
5. 思春期および成人における非てんかん性痙攣疾患 nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders in adolescents and adults

English Journal

The genus Shewanella: from the briny depths below to human pathogen.

Janda JM, Abbott SL.Author information Department of Public Health, Public Health Laboratory , Downey, CA , USA and.AbstractAbstract The genus Shewanella is currently composed of more than 50 species that inhabit a range of marine environs and ecosystems. Several members of this genus, including S. oneidensis, have been identified that could potentially play key roles in environmental processes such as bioremediation of toxic elements and heavy metals and serving as microbial fuel cells. In contrast to this beneficial role, shewanellae are increasingly being implicated as human pathogens in persons exposed through occupational or recreational activities to marine niches containing shewanellae. Documented illnesses linked to Shewanella include skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, and otitis media. At present, it is unclear exactly how many Shewanella species are truly bona fide human pathogens. Recent advances in the taxonomy and phylogenetic relatedness of members of this genus, however, support the concept that most human infections are caused by a single species, S. algae. Some phylogenetic data further suggest that some current members of the genus are not true Shewanella species sensu stricto. The current review summarizes our present knowledge of the distribution, epidemiology, disease spectrum, and identification of microbial species focusing on a clinical perspective.
Critical reviews in microbiology.Crit Rev Microbiol.2014 Nov;40(4):293-312. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2012.726209. Epub 2012 Oct 8.
Abstract The genus Shewanella is currently composed of more than 50 species that inhabit a range of marine environs and ecosystems. Several members of this genus, including S. oneidensis, have been identified that could potentially play key roles in environmental processes such as bioremediation of
PMID 23043419

Severe adverse events from the treatment of advanced melanoma: a systematic review of severe side effects associated with ipilimumab, vemurafenib, interferon alfa-2b, dacarbazine and interleukin-2.

Ma C, Armstrong AW.Author information Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA , USA.AbstractBackground: Current immunomodulatory agents for stage III and IV melanoma exert different mechanisms of action that manifest in distinct adverse events. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize safety data from clinical trials on ipilimumab, vemurafenib, interferon (IFN) alfa-2b, dacarbazine and interleukin (IL)-2 to elucidate the severe adverse events associated with each melanoma therapy. Methods: Through a systematic search using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register between January 1, 2010 and June 1, 2012, we identified 32 clinical trials with 5802 subjects that met the inclusion criteria. Results:Ipilimumab was associated with immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis, with an incidence rate of 0.0017 cases per 100 person-years. Patients receiving vemurafenib developed keratoacanthomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma at an incidence rate of 0.0025 cases per 100 person-years. Treatment with IFN alfa-2b precipitated depression at an incidence rate of 0.0002 cases per 100 person-years. Dacarbazine was associated with respiratory toxicity and dyspnea, with incidence rates of 0.0001 and 0.00008 cases per 100 person-years, respectively. IL-2 treatment induced vascular leak syndrome (VLS), with symptoms of hypotension and oliguria, was observed at incidence rates of 0.17 and 0.15 cases per 100 person-years, respectively. Findings may serve as a foundation for future research in this area and guide clinical recommendations.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Oct;25(5):401-8. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.813897. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
Background: Current immunomodulatory agents for stage III and IV melanoma exert different mechanisms of action that manifest in distinct adverse events. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize safety data from clinical trials on ipilimumab, vemurafenib, interferon (IFN) alfa-2b, dacarba
PMID 23763243

Disentangling the effects of age and APOE on neuropathology and late life cognitive decline.

Yu L1, Boyle PA2, Leurgans S3, Schneider JA4, Bennett DA5.Author information 1Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: lei_yu@rush.edu.2Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.3Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.4Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.5Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.AbstractAge and APOE are the most robust risk factors for dementia and cognitive decline, but the underlying neurobiology remains unclear. We examined the extent to which the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and cerebrovascular diseases account for the association of age and APOE with decline in episodic memory versus nonepisodic cognitive abilities. Up to 20 waves of longitudinal cognitive data were collected from 858 autopsied participants in 2 ongoing clinical-pathologic cohort studies of aging. Neuropathologic examinations quantified measures of beta amyloid (Aβ) plaque, mesial temporal and neocortical neurofibrillary tangles, macro- and microinfarcts, and neocortical Lewy bodies. Random coefficient models estimated person-specific slopes of decline in episodic memory and nonepisodic cognition. Path analysis examined the relation of age, APOE, and the 6 pathologic indices to the slopes of cognitive decline. The effect of age on decline in episodic memory was mediated by Aβ, mesial temporal and neocortical tau tangles, and macroscopic infarcts; age on decline in nonepisodic cognition was mediated by Aβ, neocortical tangles, and macroscopic infarcts. The effect of APOE on decline in episodic memory was mediated by Aβ, mesial temporal and neocortical tangles, and neocortical Lewy bodies; APOE on nonepisodic cognition was mediated by Aβ, neocortical tangles, and neocortical Lewy bodies. There were no direct effects of age and APOE on decline after accounting for these pathologic pathways.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Apr;35(4):819-26. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.074. Epub 2013 Oct 9.
Age and APOE are the most robust risk factors for dementia and cognitive decline, but the underlying neurobiology remains unclear. We examined the extent to which the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and cerebrovascular diseases account for the association of age and A
PMID 24199961

Apolipoprotein E genotype influences spatial distribution of cerebral microbleeds.

Loehrer E1, Ikram MA2, Akoudad S3, Vrooman HA4, van der Lugt A5, Niessen WJ6, Hofman A7, Vernooij MW8.Author information 1Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: m.a.ikram@erasmusmc.nl.3Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.4Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.5Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.6Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.7Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.8Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.AbstractIn cerebral amyloid angiopathy patients, microbleeds often cluster, mostly occipital, and are associated with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Microbleeds also frequently occur in the asymptomatic, general population. In this population, we investigated spatial distribution of microbleeds and whether this is influenced by APOE genotype. In 292 persons with microbleeds, we labeled microbleeds on baseline and follow-up magnetic resonance images. We calculated distance between incident and prevalent microbleeds within and between persons and performed lobar segmentation on the magnetic resonance images. Subsequently, we investigated proximity and lobar distribution in strata of APOE genotype. Microbleeds occurred closer within persons than between persons (-42.2 mm, 95% confidence interval, -44.6 to -39.9; p < 0.001). Microbleeds within APOE ε2 and ε4 carriers occurred closer than those in persons with ε3ε3 genotype (-11.9 mm, 95% confidence interval, -24.4 to 0.6; p = 0.06). Persons with ε2 and ε4 alleles had a larger proportion of microbleeds in the occipital lobe than persons with ε3ε3 genotype. Similar to cerebral amyloid angiopathy patients, microbleeds in the general population cluster and the distribution is affected by APOE genotype.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Apr;35(4):899-905. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.012. Epub 2013 Oct 9.
In cerebral amyloid angiopathy patients, microbleeds often cluster, mostly occipital, and are associated with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Microbleeds also frequently occur in the asymptomatic, general population. In this population, we investigated spatial distribution of microbleeds and wheth
PMID 24119543

Japanese Journal

2007年能登半島地震による建物被害調査報告

岩井哲,貞末和史
広島工業大学紀要. 研究編 42, 185-190, 39479-00-00
… One person was killed, more than 359 were injured. …
NAID 120005403222

機械翻訳サービスと編集サービスの相互連携における翻訳品質と編集者適応

山口卓郎,菱山玲子,北川大輔,中島悠,稲葉利江子,林冬惠
情報処理学会論文誌 55(4), 1303-1315, 2014-04-15
本研究では,人間の手により行われる翻訳リペアサービスと翻訳文の書き換えサービスを機械翻訳連携サービスのサービスフローに連携させ,翻訳品質および作業コスト面において,この連携がどのような効果を及ぼすかを明らかにする.実験では,越英(ベトナム語-英語)翻訳サービスと英日翻訳サービスを連携させて知識伝達を行う翻訳サービスフローを想定し,このフローにおいて,英日翻訳サービスにおける入力文としての英文に対し …
NAID 110009752442

休憩施設の多面的活用の可能性と園芸療法による障がい者の自立支援に関する研究

槇島みどり
高速道路と自動車 = Expressways and automobiles 57(4), 52-55, 2014-04
NAID 40020032310

Key Person INTERVIEW(NO.47)薬事法改正後の医療機器規制の今後厚生労働省医薬食品局審査管理課医療機器審査管理室長古元重和氏新「医薬品・医療機器等法」成立、医療機器産業活性化へ

古元重和,杉元順子
月刊新医療 41(4), 58-61, 2014-04
NAID 40020021534

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 33」「human being」「人間」「人物」
拡張検索	「depersonalization」「personal communication」「personality inventory」

「100Cases 33」

　　[★]

☆case33　頭痛と混乱

■glossary

accompany

vt.

(人)と同行する、(人)に随行する。(もの)に付随する。～と同時に起こる。～に加える(添える、同封する)(with)

slurred n. 不明瞭

強直間代痙攣 tonic-clonic convulsion

　意識消失とともに全身の随意筋に強直痙攣が生じ(強直痙攣期tonic convulsion)、次いで全身の筋の強直と弛緩とが律動的に繰り返される時期(間代痙攣期clonic convulsion)を経て、発作後もうろう状態を呈する一連の発作。

■症例

28歳、女性　黒人　南アフリカ　手術室看護師　ロンドン住在

主訴：頭痛と混乱

現病歴：過去3週間で頭痛が続いており、ひどくなってきた。現在も頭痛が持続しており、頭全体が痛い。友人曰く「過去六ヶ月で体重が10kg減っていて、最近、混乱してきたようだ」。発話は不明瞭。救急室にいる間に強直間代痙攣を起こした。

・診察 examination

やせている。55kg。38.5℃。口腔カンジダ症(oral candidiasis)。リンパ節腫脹無し。心血管、呼吸器系、消化器系正常。痙攣前における神経検査では時間、場所、人の見当識無し。神経局所症状無し(no focal neurological sign)。眼底両側に乳頭浮腫有り。

・検査 investigation

血算：白血球増多

血液生化学：ナトリウム低下

CT：供覧

■キーワード＆着目するポイント

・口腔カンジダ症(oral candidiasis)

・頭痛、精神症状、強直間代痙攣

・眼底両側に乳頭浮腫

・CT 所見

・低ナトリウム血症は二次的なもの

■アプローチ

・口腔カンジダ症(oral candidiasis)　→　細胞免疫低下状態(DM、免疫抑制、AIDSなど) or 常在細菌叢の攪乱(長期の抗菌薬の使用)

　・The occurrence of thrush in a young, otherwise healthy-appearing person should prompt an investigation for underlying HIV infection.(HIM.1254)

　・More commonly, thrush is seen as a nonspecific manifestation of severe debilitating illness.(HIM.1254)

・精神症状、強直間代痙攣　→　一次的、あるいは二次的な脳の疾患がありそう

・頭痛　→　漠然としていて絞れないが、他の症状からして機能性頭痛ではなく症候性頭痛っぽい。

・眼底両側に乳頭浮腫　→　脳圧亢進の徴候　→　原因は・・・脳腫瘍、ことにテント下腫瘍と側頭葉の腫瘍、クモ膜下出血、脳水腫など、そのほか、眼窩内病変、低眼圧などの局所的要因、悪性高血圧、血液疾患、大量出血、肺気腫などの全身的要因 (vindicate本のp342も参考になる)

　・頭痛と脳圧亢進　→　頭蓋内圧占拠性病変、脳炎(IMD.274)

・CT 所見　→　ringformの病変、脳浮腫、脳圧亢進

・低ナトリウム血症　→　脳ヘルニアに続発して起こることがあるらしい。実際には下垂体にトキソプラズマによる病変が形成されることにより起こりうる。

・そのほか出身地、体重減少もHIVを疑わせる点

パターン認識でHIV + 精神症状 + てんかん発作(強直間代痙攣) + 脳圧亢進 + CT 所見 = 一番ありそうなのはToxoplasma gondiiによるトキソプラズマ脳症 cerebral toxoplasosis (トキソプラズマ脳炎 toxoplasmic encephalitis)

■Toxoplasma gondii

　原虫　胞子原虫類

(感染予防学 080521のプリント、CASES p,92、HIM p.1305-)

・疫学：西洋では30-80%の成人がトキソプラズマの感染の既往がある・・・うぇ(CASES)。日本では10%前後(Wikipedia)。

・生活環

　・終宿主：ネコ：ネコの小腸上皮細胞で有性・無性生殖　糞便にオーシストの排泄

　・中間宿主：ヒト.ブタを含むほ乳類と鳥類：無性生殖で増殖、シストの形成

　　　急性期の増殖盛んな急増虫体 tachyzoiteとシスト内の緩増虫体 bradyzoite

・病原、病因 phathogenesis

　・緩増虫体(bradyzoite)、接合子嚢(oocyst)

・感染経路

　1. オーシストの経口摂取

　2. 中間宿主の生肉中のシストの経口摂取

　3. 初感染妊婦からの経胎盤感染。既感染なら胎盤感染しないらしい(HIM.1306)

　(4)移植臓器、輸血。確率は低い(at low rate)(HIM.1306)

・病態

　1. 先天性トキソプラズマ症　congenital toxoplasmosis

　　　①網脈絡膜炎、 ②水頭症、 ③脳内石灰化、 ④精神・運動障害

　2. 後天性トキソプラズマ症　acquired toxoplasmosis

　　(1) 健常者

　　　・多くは不顕性感染。発熱、リンパ節腫脹、皮疹(rash)

　　　・(少数例)筋肉痛、暈疼痛、腹痛、斑状丘疹状皮疹(maculopapular rash)、脳脊髄炎、混乱(HIM.1308)

　　　・(まれ)肺炎、心筋炎、脳症、心膜炎、多発筋炎

　　　・網膜、脈絡叢に瘢痕や、脳に小さい炎症性の病変を残すことあり(CASES)。

　　　・急性感染の症状は数週間で消失　筋肉や中枢神経系に緩増虫体が残存

　　(2)HIV 感染者、臓器移植例、がん化学療法例

　　　シスト内緩増虫体→急増虫体→播種性の多臓器感染

　　　AIDSでは、トキソプラズマ性脳炎が指標疾患 AIDS-defineing illness(CASES)

・治療

　(日本)アセチルスピラマイシン、ファンシダール(感染予防学 080521)

■トキソプラズマ脳炎 toxoplasmic encephalitis、トキソプラズマ脳症 cerebral toxoplasosis

・症状

　発熱、頭痛、混乱ｍ、痙攣、認知の障害、局所神経徴候(不全片麻痺、歯垢、脳神経損傷、視野欠損、感覚喪失)(CASES)

・画像検査

　(CT,MRI)多発性、両側性、ring-enhancing lesion、特に灰白質-白質境界、大脳基底核、脳幹、小脳が冒されやすい(CASES)

・鑑別診断(臨床症状・画像診断の所見で)

　リンパ腫、結核、転移性脳腫瘍(CASES)

・病歴と画像所見からの鑑別診断

　リンパ腫、結核、転移性腫瘍

？

このCTがcerebral toxoplasmosisに特徴的かは不明

□最後に残る疑問

　AIDSでWBC(leukocyte)の数はどうなるんだろう？？？AIDSの初診患者ではWBCが低い人が多いらしいし()、HIVはCD4+ T cellとmacrophageに感染して殺すから、これによってB cellは減るだろうし、CD8+ T cellも若干減少するだろうからWBCは減るんじゃないか？！好中球はAIDSとは関係ない？好中球は他の感染症に反応性に増加している？ちなみに、好酸球は寄生虫(原虫)の感染のために増える傾向にあるらしい(HIMのどこか)。

葉酸拮抗剤である。

サルファ剤と併用され、抗トキソプラズマ薬、抗ニューモシチス・カリニ薬として相乗的に働く。

ST 合剤

SMX-TMP

スルファメトキサゾール・トリメトプリム合剤 sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim mixture

□AIDSの定義(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Classification_System_for_HIV_Infection_in_Adults_and_Adolescents)