WordNet

the tendency for a memory or idea to persist or recur without any apparent stimulus for it
pierce with a thrust using a pointed instrument; "he stuck the cloth with the needle"
a small thin branch of a tree
a lever used by a pilot to control the ailerons and elevators of an airplane (同)control_stick, joystick
a long implement (usually made of wood) that is shaped so that hockey or polo players can hit a puck or ball
a long thin implement resembling a length of wood; "cinnamon sticks"; "a stick of dynamite"
an implement consisting of a length of wood; "he collected dry sticks for a campfire"; "the kid had a candied apple on a stick"
threat of a penalty; "the policy so far is all stick and no carrot"
a rectangular quarter pound block of butter or margarine
saddle with something disagreeable or disadvantageous; "They stuck me with the dinner bill"; "I was stung with a huge tax bill" (同)sting
be or become fixed; "The door sticks--we will have to plane it"
cover and decorate with objects that pierce the surface; "stick some feathers in the turkey before you serve it"
endure; "The label stuck to her for the rest of her life"
fasten into place by fixing an end or point into something; "stick the corner of the sheet under the mattress"
fasten with an adhesive material like glue; "stick the poster onto the wall"
fasten with or as with pins or nails; "stick the photo onto the corkboard"
pierce or penetrate or puncture with something pointed; "He stuck the needle into his finger"
follow through or carry out a plan without deviation; "They adhered to their plan"
stick to firmly; "Will this wallpaper adhere to the wall?" (同)hold fast, bond, bind, stick, stick_to
be a devoted follower or supporter; "The residents of this village adhered to Catholicism"; "She sticks to her principles" (同)stick
be compatible or in accordance with; "You must adhere to the rules"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…への)固守,執着《+『to』+『名』》 / (物が)(…に)付着する(している)こと《+『to』+『名』》
(とがったもので)…‘を'『刺す』,突く《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)〈とがったもの〉‘を'『突き刺す』,突き立てる《+『名』+『in』(『into, through』)+『名』》 / (…で…に)…‘を'『刺して留める』,刺す《+『名』+『on』+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (のりなどで…に)…‘を'『はる』,くっける《+『名』+『on』+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《話》(…に)…‘を'置く,すえる(put)《+『名』+『on』(『in』)+『名』》 / 《受動態で》〈人・車など〉‘を'『動けなくする』,〈仕事など〉‘を'行き詰まらせる / 《話》〈人〉‘を'困惑させる;〈人〉‘を'だます,‘に'たかる / (…に)『突す刺さる』,刺さっている《+『in』+『名』》 / 『くっついて離れない』,はりつく / 動かなくなる,立往生する
『棒』,棒きれ,枝 / (歩行用)『スデッキ』,つえ,警棒 / 棒状(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / (ホッケーなどで用いる)スティック / (またcontrol stick)(飛行機の)操縦かん / 《話》でくの棒 / 《話》処罰,せっかん / 《複数形で》《the~》《米話》都会から離れた所,へき地.田写
厳しい処罰,おきゅう
〈物が〉(…に)『くっつく』,付着する,粘着する《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉(決心・主義などに)執着する,固守する《+『to』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/06 21:15:06」(JST)

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Perseverance (Allegories by Giovanni Bellini, 1490).

This article is about the psychological and psychiatric meaning of the term.

In psychology and psychiatry, perseveration is the repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the absence or cessation of a stimulus, usually caused by brain injury or other organic disorder.^[1] Symptoms include "lacking ability to transition or switch ideas appropriately with the social context, as evidenced by the repetition of words or gestures after they have ceased to be socially relevant or appropriate,"^[2] or the "act or task of doing so,"^[3] and are not better described as stereotypy (a highly repetitive idiosyncratic behaviour).

In a broader sense, it is used for a wide range of functionless behaviours that arise from a failure of the brain to either inhibit prepotent responses or to allow its usual progress to a different behavior, and includes impairment in set shifting and task switching in social and other contexts.^[4]

Definition

The primary definition of perseveration in biology and clinical psychiatry involves some form of response repetition or the inability to undertake set shifting (changing of goals, tasks or activities) as required, and is usually evidenced by behaviours such as words and gestures continuing to be repeated despite absence or cessation of a stimulus.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

More broadly in clinical psychology, it describes mental or physical behaviours which are not excessive in terms of quantity but are apparently both functionless and involve a narrow range of behaviours, and are not better described as stereotypy (a highly repetitive idiosyncratic behaviour).
In general English, perseveration (vb: "to perseverate") refers to insistent or redundant repetition, not necessarily in a clinical context.^[5]

Associated conditions and manifestations

Perseveration of thought indicates an inability to switch ideas or responses.^[6] An example of perseveration is, during a conversation, if an issue has been fully explored and discussed to a point of resolution, it is not uncommon for something to trigger the reinvestigation of the matter. This can happen at any time during a conversation.^{[citation needed]}

Physical brain injury, trauma or damage

Perseveration is particularly common with those who have had traumatic brain injury.
Perseveration is sometimes a feature of frontal lobe lesions,^[6] and of other conditions involving dysfunction or dysregulation within the frontal lobe (ADHD is one such example). This is especially true when the lateral orbitofrontal cortex or inferior prefrontal convexity (Brodmann areas 47/12) are affected.^[7]
Perseveration is also sometimes seen as a symptom of aphasia.

Other neurological conditions

Perseveration may also refer to the obsessive and highly selective interests of individuals on the autism spectrum. This term is most connected to Asperger syndrome.
In attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), perseveration or "hyperfocus" commonly occurs ^[8] as an impairment of set shifting and task switching.^[9]^[10]^[11] The resistance to transition may be a coping mechanism or the brain's method to compensate for the lack of ability to regulate the application of attention.
In people who are both intellectually gifted and suffer a learning disability, the state of hyperfocus and flow can be confounded with perseverance.^[8]
Apart from their direct symptoms, people with obsessive–compulsive disorder, can have specific problems with set shifting and inhibition of prepotent responses.^[12]

Confounds (conditions with similar appearing symptoms)

Perseveration may be confused with habitual behaviours in a number of other conditions and disorders, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, and habit problems.^[13]

Unproven:

Several researchers have tried to connect perseveration with a lack of memory inhibition (the person repeats the answer because they have not been able to forget a past question and move on to the current subject); however, this connection could not be found, or was small.^[14]^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b Helm-Estabrooks N. The problem of perseveration. Semin Speech Lang. 2004;25(4):289–90. doi:10.1055/s-2004-837241. PMID 15599818.
^ ^a ^b "Perseveration". Psych Central.com.
^ ^a ^b "Perseveration - Define Perseveration at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
^ ^a ^b Dictionary of Biological Psychology - p.595
^ "Perseverate | Define Perseverate at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ ^a ^b "Psychiatric Glossary of Terms in Psychiatry". priory.com.
^ Iversen, Susan D.; Mishkin, Mortimer (1970). "Perseverative interference in monkeys following selective lesions of the inferior prefrontal convexity". Experimental Brain Research 11 (4): 376–86. doi:10.1007/BF00237911. PMID 4993199.
^ ^a ^b Misdiagnosis And Dual Diagnoses Of Gifted Children And Adults: Adhd, Bipolar... - Webb, p.50-51]: Notes prior research into "hyperfocus" in ADHD, identifies it with "flow" in gifted children, observes that what is called hyperfocus in such cases "seems to be a less medical-sounding description of perseveration. Thus the apparent ability to concentrate in certain limited situations does not exclude the diagnosis of ADD/ADHD."
^ Taking Charge of Adult ADHD, Barkley R. - p.61-62 "One track Mind"
^ Meaux, Julie B. (2000). "Stop, look, and listen: the challenge for children with ADHD". Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 23 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/01460860050121394. PMID 11011659.
^ Miranda, Monica Carolina; Barbosa, Thais; Muszkat, Mauro; Rodrigues, Camila Cruz; Sinnes, Elaine Girão; Coelho, Luzia Flavia S; Rizzuti, Sueli; Palma, Sonia Maria Mota; Bueno, Orlando Francisco Amodeo (2012). "Performance patterns in Conners' CPT among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 70 (2): 91–6. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2012000200004. PMID 22311211.
^ Gyula, Demeter; Mihály, Racsmány; Katalin, Csigó; András, Harsányi; Attila, Németh; László, Döme (2013). "Ép rövid távú memória és károsodott végrehajtó funkciók kényszerbetegségben" [Intact short-term memory and impaired executive functions in obsessive compulsive disorder]. Ideggyógyászati Szemle (in Hungarian) 66 (1-2): 35–41. PMID 23607228.
^ Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder~differential at eMedicine
^ Zelazo PD, Müller U, Frye D et al. (2003). "The development of executive function in early childhood". Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 68 (3): vii–137. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2003.06803010.x. PMID 14723273.
^ Sharon, Tanya; DeLoache, Judy S. (2003). "The role of perseveration in children's symbolic understanding and skill". Developmental Science 6 (3): 289–96. doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00285.

External links

The dictionary definition of perseverate at Wiktionary
Media related to Perseveration at Wikimedia Commons

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における精神状態検査 the mental status examination in adults
2. 成人における精神病に対する臨床症状、鑑別診断および初期マネージメント clinical manifestations differential diagnosis and initial management of psychosis in adults
3. 認知症の神経精神症状のマネージメント management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia
4. 強迫性障害の治療における脳深部刺激療法（DBS） deep brain stimulation for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder
5. 進行性核上性麻痺（PSP） progressive supranuclear palsy psp

English Journal

The role of perceptual similarity of the task environments in children's perseverative responding.

Jowkar-Baniani G, Schmuckler MA.SourceDepartment of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada. Electronic address: gjowkar@utsc.utoronto.ca.
Journal of experimental child psychology.J Exp Child Psychol.2013 Nov;116(3):640-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.006. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
Perseverative responding is often seen in children's performance in a variety of contexts. One such context is symbolic comprehension in which 2- and 2½-year-olds demonstrate difficulty in appreciating the association of symbols (pictures and scale models) and their referents and show a high propor
PMID 23998950

Normative data for the dementia rating scale-2 in the French-quebec population.

Lavoie M, Callahan B, Belleville S, Simard M, Bier N, Gagnon L, Gagnon JF, Blanchet S, Potvin O, Hudon C, Macoir J.Sourcea Département de réadaptation , Université Laval , Québec , Canada.
The Clinical neuropsychologist.Clin Neuropsychol.2013 Oct;27(7):1150-66. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2013.825010. Epub 2013 Aug 14.
The Dementia Rating Scale-2 is used to measure cognitive status of adults with cognitive impairment, especially of the degenerative type, by assessing five cognitive functions, namely attention, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization, and memory. The present study aimed to establi
PMID 23944870

Cognitive flexibility impairments in children with autism spectrum disorders: Links to age, gender and child outcomes.

Memari AH, Ziaee V, Shayestehfar M, Ghanouni P, Mansournia MA, Moshayedi P.SourceSports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: amirmemari@farabi.tums.ac.ir.
Research in developmental disabilities.Res Dev Disabil.2013 Oct;34(10):3218-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.033. Epub 2013 Jul 22.
There are still many questions about the cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that remain unanswered. The goal of current study was to evaluate cognitive flexibility patterns and their demographic, clinical and behavioral correlates in large sample of children with ASD. A total of
PMID 23886763

Japanese Journal

抑うつ的反すうの持続を測定する面接課題の作成

長谷川晃
感情心理学研究 20(2), 47-55, 2013
… The purpose of the present study was to develop the Depressive Rumination Interview Task (DRI task), an interview method to assess the perseveration of depressive rumination, and to investigate the validity of rumination steps emitted in the task. …
NAID 130003372619

抑うつ的反すうの能動性に焦点を当てた介入プログラムの効果:大学生の高反すう傾向者を対象とした予備的検討

長谷川晃
パーソナリティ研究 22(1), 48-60, 2013
本研究は抑うつ的反すうの能動性に焦点を当てた介入プログラムの効果を検討した。抑うつ傾向と抑うつ的反すう傾向の高い大学生を，無作為に介入プログラムを受ける実験群（12名）と特別な介入を受けない統制群（11名）に振り分けた。介入プログラムは，抑うつ的反すうに関するポジティブな信念を反証し，抑うつ的反すうの持続を導くプラン・目標を弱めることに焦点をおいた2週間のトレーニングから構成された。実験の結果，実 …
NAID 130003363152