関: Pennisetum

WordNet

a genus of Old World grasses (同)genus Pennisetum
roll out (metal) with a rolling machine
grind with a mill; "mill grain"
machinery that processes materials by grinding or crushing (同)grinder, milling machinery
move about in a confused manner (同)mill about, mill around
produce a ridge around the edge of; "mill a coin"
gather pearls, from oysters in the ocean
a smooth lustrous round structure inside the shell of a clam or oyster; much valued as a jewel
a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum with small white flowers and long green pods containing edible green seeds (同)pea plant
the fruit or seed of a pea plant
seed of a pea plant used for food
any of various small-grained annual cereal and forage grasses of the genera Panicum, Echinochloa, Setaria, Sorghum, and Eleusine
small seed of any of various annual cereal grasses especially Setaria italica
Old World tree having sweet gritty-textured juicy fruit; widely cultivated in many varieties (同)pear tree, Pyrus communis
sweet juicy gritty-textured fruit available in many varieties

PrepTutorEJDIC

『製粉所』 / 『製粉機』;(手動の)ひき器 / 製造所,工場 / 〈穀物・コーヒーなど〉‘を'ひいて粉にする,製粉する / 〈金属・鋼鉄〉‘を'圧延機(断裁機,打出機など)にかける / 〈貨幣など〉‘の'へりにぎざぎざをつける / 〈家畜・人の群れが〉目的もなくうろうろする;ぞろぞろ歩く《+『about(around)』》
ミル(貨幣計算の単位;1ドルの1000分の1,1セントの10分の1)
〈C〉『真珠』,パール / 〈C〉(形・光沢などが)真珠のようなもの / 〈C〉(真珠のように)価値のあるもの(人),傑出したもの(人) / =mother=of-pearl / (また『pearl gray』)〈U〉真珠色 / 真珠の[ような] / 真珠色の / 真珠を採取する
『エンドウ』;エンドウ豆
キビ,アワ(粟) / (穀物の)きび,あわ
『西洋ナシ』;西洋ナシの木

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/10 06:32:04」(JST)

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Pennisetum glaucum

MHNT

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet. It has been grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali between 2500 and 2000 BC.^[1] Cultivation subsequently spread and moved overseas to India. The earliest archaeological records in India date to around 2000 BC,^[2] and it spread rapidly through India reaching South India by 1500 BC, based on evidence from the site of Hallur. Cultivation also spread throughout eastern and southern Africa. Records exist for cultivation of pearl millet in the United States in the 1850s, and the crop was introduced into Brazil in the 1960s.

Cultivation

A scientist in Zimbabwe checks a pearl millet crop

Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive.

Today pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 km² of land worldwide. It accounts for approximately 50% of the total world production of millets.^[3]

Common names for pearl millet

In Africa: gero (Hausa),Uwele (Kiswahili), Oka (Yoruba), mahangu (Namibia), saɲo (Bambara), gawri (Fula), babala, nyoloti, dukkin, souna, petit mil (French), heyni (Zarma), masago (Somali), mexoeira (Mozambique), biltug (Tigrinya), biltug (Blin), mhunga (Shona, Zimbabwe), inyawuthi (Northern Ndebele, Zimbabwe), lebelebele (Setswana, Botswana), zembwe (Ikalanga, Botswana), دْرُعْ dro'o (Tunisian Arabic), دُخن dokhn (Yemeni Arabic)
In Australia: bulrush millet
In Brazil: milheto
In Europe: candle millet, dark millet
In India: बाजरी (Bajri in Rajasthani, Gujarati and Marathi), ಸಜ್ಜೆ / ಕಂಬು(Sajje/kambu in Kannada); கம்பு (Kambu in Tamil); बाजरा (Bajra in Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi) and సజ్జలు (sajjalu in Telugu) and ("Kambam" in Malayalam) and বাজরা ("ba:jra:" in Bengali).
In Pakistan: باجرا (Ba'ajra, in Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Balochi, Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki)
In USA: cattail millet (Pennisetum americanum)

Pearl millet around the world

India

India is the largest producer of pearl millet, rajasthan is highest producing state in India.

Africa

Sahel

Pearl millet is an important food across the Sahel region of Africa. It is a main staple (along with sorghum) in a large region of northern Nigeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. In Nigeria it is usually grown as an intercrop with sorghum and cowpea, the different growth habits, growth period and drought vulnerability of the three crops maximising total productivity and minimising the risk of total crop failure. It is often ground into a flour, rolled into large balls, parboiled, liquefied into a watery paste using fermented milk and then consumed as a beverage. This beverage called "fura" in Hausa is popular drink in northern Nigeria and southern Niger.

Namibia

In Namibia, pearl millet is locally known as "mahangu" and is grown mainly in the north of that country, where it is the staple food. In the dry, unpredictable climate of this area it grows better than alternatives such as maize.

Mahangu is usually made into a porridge called "oshifima" (or "oshithima"), or fermented to make a drink called "ontaku" or "oshikundu".

Mahangu pounding

Traditionally the mahangu is pounded with heavy pieces of wood in a 'pounding area'. The floor of the pounding area is covered with a concrete-like coating made from the material of termite mounds. As a result, some sand and grit gets into the pounded mahangu, so products like oshifima are usually swallowed without chewing.^[4]^{[not in citation given]} After pounding, winnowing may be used to remove the chaff.

This flour mill in Tanzania mills pearl millet.

Some industrial grain processing facilities now exist, such as those operated by Namib Mills. Efforts are also being made to develop smaller scale processing using food extrusion and other methods. In a food extruder, the mahangu is milled into a paste before being forced through metal die. Products made this way include breakfast cereals, including puffed grains and porridge, pasta shapes, and "rice".^[5]^{[not in citation given]}

Research and development

Recently more productive varieties of pearl millet have been introduced, enabling farmers to increase production considerably.^[6]

To combat the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in Africa and Asia, a study of serving iron-biofortified pearl millets which is bred conventionally without genetic modification to a control group is proved to have higher level of iron absorbance by the group.^[7]

The most widely grown millet is pearl millet, which is an important sized crop in India and parts of Africa. Finger millet, proso millet, and foxtail millet are also important crop species. In the developed world, millets are less important. For example, in the United States the only significant crop is proso millet, which is mostly grown for bird seed.

References

^ Manning, Katie, Ruth Pelling, Tom Higham, Jean-Luc Schwenniger and Dorian Q Fuller (2010) 4500-year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway. Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (2): 312-322
^ Fuller,D.Q. (2003). African crops in prehistoric South Asia: a critical review. in Neumann,K., Butler,A., Kahlheber,S. (ed.) Food, Fuel and Fields. Progress in Africa Archaeobotany. Africa Praehistorica 15 series. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 239-271.
^ Millet. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.
^ http://www.holidaytravel.com.na/index.php?fArticleId=222
^ "Enhancing food security in Namibia through value-added products". Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. March 2003. Archived from the original on 6 December 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
^ Board on Science and Technology for International Development; Office of International Affairs; National Research Council (1996-02-14). "Pearl Millet: Subsistence Types". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains. Lost Crops of Africa 1. National Academies Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-309-04990-0. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
^ Munyaradzi, Makoni (29 August 2013). "Biofortified pearl millet 'can combat iron deficiency'". SciDev Net. Retrieved 29 August 2013.

External links

Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains, Chapters 4-6 - released by the National Research Council in 1996
Pearl Millet Thresher IDDS project
Pennisetum americanum in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

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English Journal

Effect of domestic processing on the polyphenol content and bioaccessibility in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum).

Hithamani G1, Srinivasan K2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Dec 1;164:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.107. Epub 2014 May 9.
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were evaluated for polyphenolic content and their bioaccessibility. Total polyphenols of native finger millet was 10.2mg/g which reduced by 50% after sprouting or pressure-cooking, while 12-19% reduction was seen after open-pan
PMID 24996305

Moisture concentration variation of silages produced on commercial farms in the South-central USA.

Han KJ1, Pitman WD1, Chapple A2.
Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences.Asian-Australas J Anim Sci.2014 Oct;27(10):1436-42. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2014.14095.
Preservation of forage crops as silage offers opportunity to avoid the high risk of rain-damaged hay in the humid south-central USA. Recent developments with baled silage or baleage make silage a less expensive option than typical chopped silage. Silage has been important in the region primarily for
PMID 25178295

Enzymatic degradation of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) stems: Influence of the pith and bark in the total hydrolysis.

Pérez-Boada M1, Prieto A2, Prinsen P3, Forquin-Gomez MP4, Del Río JC5, Gutiérrez A6, Martínez AT7, Faulds CB8.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2014 Sep;167:469-75. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.018. Epub 2014 Jun 24.
The internal pith of a high energy plant, Elephant grass (EG), was more extensively degraded (>50% dry matter) compared to the outer cortex (31%) or the whole stem (35%) by an enzyme preparation from Humicola insolens, Ultraflo. Reducing sugars and acetic acid release from the pith was also highe
PMID 25006023

Japanese Journal

紫外レーザー励起時間分解蛍光計測を用いた植物栄養診断法の開発

北陸作物学会報 (50), 70-72, 2015-05-30
NAID 110009969206

Comparative Performance of Corn, Sorghum and Pearl Millet Growing under Saline Soil and Water Environments in Aral Sea Basin

沙漠研究 25(3), 269-272, 2015
NAID 130005138904

Forage Production and Nutritional Value of Sorghum and Pearl Millet on Marginal Lands on Priaralie

沙漠研究 25(3), 169-172, 2015
NAID 130005138879

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Pennisetum」「トウジンビエ」
関連記事	「millet」「pea」「mill」「pear」

「Pennisetum」

Pearl millet second name Bajra /Bajri
	U.S. pearl millet hybrid for grain
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Panicoideae
Genus:	Pennisetum
Species:	P. glaucum
Binomial name
	Pennisetum glaucum; (L.)R.Br.
Synonyms
	Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke; Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. Pennisetum typhoideum