同: PAMP
関: PRR

WordNet

having partial rights and privileges or subordinate status; "an associate member"; "an associate professor"
a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor; "he had to consult his associate before continuing"
a person with subordinate membership in a society, institution, or commercial enterprise; "associates in the law firm bill at a lower rate than do partners"
any event that usually accompanies or is closely connected with another; "first was the lightning and then its thunderous associate"
make a logical or causal connection; "I cannot connect these two pieces of evidence in my mind"; "colligate these facts"; "I cannot relate these events at all" (同)tie_in, relate, link, colligate, link up, connect
form a pattern; "These sentences pattern like the ones we studied before"
a model considered worthy of imitation; "the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics"
make light, rapid and repeated sounds; "gently pattering rain" (同)pitter-patter
a quick succession of light rapid sounds; "the patter of mice"; "the patter of tiny feet"
relating to simple or elementary organization; "proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception"--G.A. Miller
relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules; "molecular structure"; "molecular oxygen"; "molecular weight is the sum of all the atoms in a molecule"
any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈人〉'を'(…の)『仲間に加える』,(…に)連合させる《+『名』〈人〉+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)…'を'結びつけて考える(起こす)《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)『仲間になる』,交際する《+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)合体する,提携する《+『with』+『名』》 / 『仲間』,『同僚』;組合員 / 準会員 / 付属物;連想されるもの / 連合した;仲間の,同僚の / 補助の,準…
(壁紙・織物などの)『模様』,柄,デザイン / 『模範』,手本 / 『原型』,ひな型 / (行動・性資の)『型』,様式パターン / (…の型)・手本に従って)…‘を'型どる,作る,まねる《+『名』+『upon』(『on, after』)+『名』》 / …‘を'模様をつける
〈雨などが〉パラパラ降る / 〈子供・動物などが〉パタパタ走る / (…の)パラパラ(パタパタ)イウ音《+『of』+『名』》
《時にa~》早口ぺらぺらしゃべること…早口のせりふ / おしゃべり,むだ話 / (ある職業・階級の)仲間言葉,符ちょう / 早口に話す,ぺらぺらしゃべる / 〈祈り・詩など〉‘を'早口に唱える
分子の,分子による
病原菌,病原体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/26 09:17:51」(JST)

wiki en

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals. A vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs, including glycans and glycoconjugates.^[1]

PAMPs activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved nonself molecules. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), endotoxins found on the cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria,^[2] are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs. LPSs are specifically recognised by TLR4, a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR5), lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recognized by TLR3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized by TLR9.^[3] Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature.

MAMP

The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern^[4] (MAMP),^[5] has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.^[6] Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response.^[7]

Notes and references

^ Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin M, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (2015). "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity". J Autoimmun. 57 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMC 4340844. PMID 25578468.
^ Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S (2010). "The bacterial cell envelope". Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology. 2 (5): a000414. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414. PMC 2857177. PMID 20452953.
^ Mahla, RS (2013). "Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology.". Front Immunol. 2013 Sep 2;4:248. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248. PMC 3759294. PMID 24032031.
^ Ausubel (2005). "Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved?". Nature Immunology. 6 (10): 973–9. doi:10.1038/ni1253. PMID 16177805.
^ Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard J (2006). "Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system". Cell Mol Life Sci. 62 (12): 1285–7. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5032-4. PMC 1865479. PMID 15971103.
^ Rumbo M, Nempont C, Kraehenbuhl J, Sirard J (2006). "Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria: Lessons from flagellin and Toll-like receptor 5". FEBS Letters. 580 (12): 2976–84. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.036. PMID 16650409. (Free full text available)
^ Jones DG, Dangl JL (2006). "The plant immune system". Nature. 444 (7117): 323–329. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..323J. doi:10.1038/nature05286. PMID 17108957.

External links

Emanual Maverakis; et al. "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity" (PDF).

UpToDate Contents

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1. 自然免疫系の概要 an overview of the innate immune system
2. Toll様受容体：疾患および治療における役割 toll like receptors roles in disease and therapy
3. 敗血症の病態生理 pathophysiology of sepsis
4. 結核の自然史、微生物学、および病因 natural history microbiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis
5. 骨髄造血の制御 regulation of myelopoiesis

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Fine N1, Barzilay O2, Glogauer M2.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2017;1519:17-24.
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Involvement of a versatile pattern recognition receptor, apolipophorin-III in prophenoloxidase activation and antibacterial defense of the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi.

Wen D1, Wang X2, Shang L3, Huang Y1, Li T1, Wu C1, Zhang R1, Zhang J4.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2016 Dec;65:124-31. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.001. Epub 2016 Jul 4.
Apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein found in many insect species and functions as a lipid transport vehicle. Recent studies have shown that apoLp-III is a multifunctional molecule involved in not only lipid transportation but also innate immune responses. In the present s
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: First evidence of expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Cortés J1, Alvarez C2, Santana P3, Torres E4, Mercado L5.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2016 Dec;65:73-8. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.020. Epub 2016 Jun 29.
The role of enzymes as active antimicrobial agents of the innate immunity in teleost fish is proposed in diverse works. Secretion of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been described in higher vertebrates; it degrades l-tryptophan in extracellular environments associated mainly with mucosal organ
PMID 27370975