WordNet

make a score (on a hole) equal to par
(golf) the standard number of strokes set for each hole on a golf course, or for the entire course; "a par-5 hole"; "par for this course is 72"
a thin fragment or slice (especially of wood) that has been shaved from something (同)sliver, shaving
(usually plural) a part of a fruit or vegetable that is pared or cut off; especially the skin or peel; "she could peel an apple with a single long paring"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉同等,同価,同水準,同程度 / (また『par value』)〈U〉平価,額面価格 / 〈U〉(程度・質・状態・数量などの)平均,標準;(精神・健康などの)常態 / 〈C〉(ゴルフで)標準打数,パー / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》平均の,標準の / 額面の
(ゴルフで)〈1ホールまたは1コース〉‘を'基準打数でとる,パーで上がる
〈U〉(皮を)むくこと,削ること / 〈C〉《複数形で》むいた皮,削りくず
とうちゃん(papa)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/09 17:10:38」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The pars reticulata is a portion of the substantia nigra.

Anatomy

Neurons in the pars reticulata are much less densely packed than those in the pars compacta (they were sometimes named pars diffusa). They are smaller and thinner than the dopaminergic neurons and conversely identical and morphologically similar to the pallidal neurons (see primate basal ganglia). Their dendrites as well as the pallidal are preferentially perpendicular to the striatal afferents.^[1] The massive striatal afferences corresponds to the medial end of the striato-pallidonigral bundle. Nigral neurons have the same peculiar synaptology with the striatal axonal endings. They make connections with the dopamine neurons of the pars compacta whose long dendrites plunge deeply in the pars reticulata. The neurons of the pars reticulata and pars lateralis produce the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The neurons of the pars reticulata through the nigrothalamic bundle send axons to a particular part of the motor thalamus. The nigral territory corresponds to the nucleus ventralis anterior (VA) (see also List of thalamic nuclei) (different from the pallidal VO). VA is the origin of one output of the basal ganglia system. It sends axons to the frontal and oculomotor cortex. In addition the pars reticulata sends neurons to the pars parafascicularis of the central region of the thalamus and to the pedunculopontine complex). The particularity of the pars lateralis is to send its axons to the superior colliculus,^[2] which is a too minimized output of the basal ganglia system.

Function

The neurons of the pars reticulata are fast-spiking pacemakers, generating action potentials in the absence of synaptic input.^[3] In primates they discharge at a mean rate of 68Hz in contrast to dopaminergic neurons (below 8Hz).^[4] They receive abundant afferrences from the striatum (mainly from the associative striatum) with the same very peculiar synaptology as the pallidum. It receives axons from the subthalamic nucleus and a dopaminergic innervation from the dopaminergic ensemble.

The pars reticulata is one of the two primary output nuclei of the basal ganglia system to the motor thalamus (the other output is the internal segment of the globus pallidus).The nigral neurons have their own territory distinct from the cerebellar and the pallidal in the nucleus ventralis anterior VA. This sends axons to the frontal and oculomotor cortex. Hikosaka and Wurtz^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] devoted four papers to "the visual and oculomotor functions of the monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata". This is largely involved in orientation and the control of eye movements in stabilisation of gaze and in saccades.

Pathology

The function of the neurons of the pars compacta (not reticulata) is profoundly changed (60% of Dopamine secreting neurons, 80% decrease in dopamine in striatum) in parkinsonism and epilepsy. These changes are thought to be mostly secondary to pathology elsewhere in the brain, but may be crucial to understanding the generation of the symptoms of these disorders.

References

^ François, C.; Yelnik, J. & Percheron, G. (1987). "Golgi study of the primate substantia nigra. II. Spatial organization of dendritic arborizations in relation to the cytoarchitectonic boundaries and to the striatonigral bundle". Journal of Comparative Neurology 265 (4): 473–493. doi:10.1002/cne.902650403. PMID 3123530.
^ François, C.; Percheron, G. & Yelnik, J. (1984). "Localization of nigrostriatal, nigrothalamic and nigrotectal neurons in ventricular coordinates in macaques". Neuroscience 13 (1): 61–76. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(84)90259-8. PMID 6387531.
^ Atherton, J.F. & Bevan, M.D. (2005). "Ionic mechanisms underlying autonomous action potential generation in the somata and dendrites of GABAergic substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in vitro". Journal of Neuroscience 25 (36): 8272–8281. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1475-05.2005. PMID 16148235.
^ Schultz, W. (1986). "Activity of pars reticulata neurons of monkey substantia nigra in relation to motor, sensory and complex events". Journal of Neurophysiology 55 (4): 660–677. PMID 3701399.
^ Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. I. Relation of visual and auditory responses to saccades.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1230–53. PMID 6864248.
^ Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. II. Visual responses related to fixation of gaze.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1254–67. PMID 6864249.
^ Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. III. Memory-contingent visual and saccade responses.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1268–84. PMID 6864250.
^ Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. IV. Relation of substantia nigra to superior colliculus.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1285–301. PMID 6306173.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. パーキンソン病の病因および発症機序 etiology and pathogenesis of parkinson disease
2. 原発性眼障害関連の網膜血管炎 retinal vasculitis associated with primary ocular disorders
3. ブドウ膜炎：病因、臨床症状、および診断 uveitis etiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
4. 網膜剥離 retinal detachment
5. 視神経炎：病態生理、臨床的特徴、および診断 optic neuritis pathophysiology clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

Lack of depotentiation at basal ganglia output neurons in PD patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

Prescott IA1, Liu LD2, Dostrovsky JO2, Hodaie M3, Lozano AM3, Hutchison WD4.
Neurobiology of disease.Neurobiol Dis.2014 Nov;71:24-33. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.002. Epub 2014 Aug 10.
Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by the loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal projections, is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease which produces bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor and postural instability. The dopamine precursor levodopa (L-Dopa) is the most effective treatment for the ameliora
PMID 25116960

Pathophysiology of the constant burning, tingling element of neuropathic pain: A new hypothesis.

Vilela-Filho O1, Cavalcante RB2, Moura MU2, Morais BA2, Dalle CR3, Grandi FT3.
Medical hypotheses.Med Hypotheses.2014 Oct;83(4):441-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.07.012. Epub 2014 Jul 30.
Neuropathic pain (NPP) presents itself with at least one of the following elements: constant, intermittent and evoked pain. The pathophysiology of NPP is still controversial, in especial of its constant element, the focus of this study. Many hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to explain it,
PMID 25127494

MRI Characteristics of Globus Pallidus Infarcts in Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemia.

Baker EH1, Sloan JL2, Hauser NS2, Gropman AL2, Adams DR2, Toro C2, Manoli I2, Venditti CP2.
AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2014 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Bilateral infarcts confined to the globus pallidus are unusual and occur in conjunction with only a few disorders, including isolated methylmalonic acidemia, a heterogeneous inborn error of metabolism. On the basis of neuroradiographic features of metabolic strokes observed in a large co
PMID 25190203

Japanese Journal

REAL TIME SINGLE-CELL RT-PCR ANALYSIS ON DOPAMINE RECEPTOR MRNA EXPRESSION IN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS RETICULATA (Sleep-wakefulness and feeding behavior : From genes to behavior : The 12th Meeting Hirosaki International Forum of Medical Science Communication Center of Hirosaki University School of Medicine October 29, 2010, Hirosaki, Japan)

Nagatomo Katsuhiro,Suga Sechiko,Shibasaki Koji [他]
弘前医学 63(Suppl.), S49-52, 2012
NAID 40020252424

サッカード眼球運動系の神経応答を再現する数理モデル(視聴覚技術,ヒューマンインタフェース)

山下輝彦,小濱剛,神山斉己
映像情報メディア学会技術報告 35(16), 23-26, 2011-03-08
本研究ではサッカード眼球運動の発生メカニズムを解明することを目的として,前頭眼野から脳幹網様体に至る神経細胞ネットワークの数理モデル化を行った.神経生理学知見に基づけば,サッカード発生の際には,まず前頭眼野でサッカード計画が生成され,黒質網様部を介して中脳の上丘に達し,サッカード命令に変換される.上丘では,視線の移動量と移動速度に関する信号に符号化して出力され,これが脳幹網様体に伝達されて眼筋の収 …
NAID 110008609573

Preconditioning with subneurotoxic allyl nitrile: Protection against allyl nitrile neurotoxicity

Tanii Hideji,Higashi T.,Saijoh Kiyofumi
Food and Chemical Toxicology 48(2), 750-754, 2010-02
… Compared with the 0 μmol/kg/day group, animals in the 200 and 400 μmol/kg/day pre-treatment groups exhibited decreased behavioral abnormalities and elevated GABA-positive cell counts in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the interpeduncular nucleus. …
NAID 120001828362

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「網様部」
関連記事	「reticulata」「par」「reticula」

「網様部」

Pars reticulata
Details
Latin	Pars reticulata substantiae nigrae
Identifiers
Gray's	p.802
NeuroNames	hier-529
NeuroLex ID	Substantia nigra pars reticulata
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

　　[★]

英

(n

pars reticulata

「reticulata」

　　[★]

np.

細網、第二胃

関: reticula、reticular、reticulum

「par」

　　[★]

comb form.

→para

ex.

parenteral 腸管外の

「reticula」

　　[★]

np.

細網

関: reticular、reticulata、reticulum

[1] François, C.; Yelnik, J. & Percheron, G. (1987). "Golgi study of the primate substantia nigra. II. Spatial organization of dendritic arborizations in relation to the cytoarchitectonic boundaries and to the striatonigral bundle". Journal of Comparative Neurology 265 (4): 473–493. doi:10.1002/cne.902650403. PMID 3123530.

[2] François, C.; Percheron, G. & Yelnik, J. (1984). "Localization of nigrostriatal, nigrothalamic and nigrotectal neurons in ventricular coordinates in macaques". Neuroscience 13 (1): 61–76. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(84)90259-8. PMID 6387531.

[3] Atherton, J.F. & Bevan, M.D. (2005). "Ionic mechanisms underlying autonomous action potential generation in the somata and dendrites of GABAergic substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in vitro". Journal of Neuroscience 25 (36): 8272–8281. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1475-05.2005. PMID 16148235.

[4] Schultz, W. (1986). "Activity of pars reticulata neurons of monkey substantia nigra in relation to motor, sensory and complex events". Journal of Neurophysiology 55 (4): 660–677. PMID 3701399.

[5] Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. I. Relation of visual and auditory responses to saccades.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1230–53. PMID 6864248.

[6] Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. II. Visual responses related to fixation of gaze.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1254–67. PMID 6864249.

[7] Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. III. Memory-contingent visual and saccade responses.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1268–84. PMID 6864250.

[8] Hikosaka, O; Wurtz, RH (1983). "Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. IV. Relation of substantia nigra to superior colliculus.". Journal of neurophysiology 49 (5): 1285–301. PMID 6306173.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

pars reticulata