側生動物
WordNet
- multicellular organisms having less-specialized cells than in the Metazoa; comprises the single phylum Porifera (同)subkingdom Parazoa
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/08 13:25:18」(JST)
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Parazoa
Temporal range: Ediacaran - Recent |
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| A sponge |
| Scientific classification |
| Domain: |
Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Subkingdom: |
Parazoa
Grant & Todd, 1838. |
| Phyla |
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The Parazoa are an ancestral subkingdom of animals, literally translated as "beside the animals".
Contents
- 1 Description
- 2 Cladistics
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Description[edit]
Parazoans differ from their choanoflagellate ancestors in that they are not microscopic and have differentiated cells. However, they are an outgroup of the animal phylogenetic tree being that they do not have tissues or organs. The only surviving parazoans are the sponges, which belong to the phylum Porifera, and the Trichoplax in the phylum Placozoa.
Parazoa display no body symmetry (are asymmetrical); all other animal groups display some sort of symmetry. There are currently 5000 species, 150 of which are freshwater. Larvae are planktonic and adults are sessile.
Cladistics[edit]
The Parazoa-Eumetazoa split has been estimated at 940 million years ago.[1]
The parazoa group is now considered paraphyletic.[2] It is not included in most modern cladistic analyses. When referenced, it is sometimes considered an equivalent to Porifera.[3]
Some authors include Placozoa,[4] a phylum that consists of only one species, Trichoplax adhaerens, in the division, but they are also sometimes placed in the subkingdom Agnotozoa.
References[edit]
- ^ Nikoh N, Iwabe N, Kuma K, et al (July 1997). "An estimate of divergence time of Parazoa and Eumetazoa and that of Cephalochordata and Vertebrata by aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase clocks". J. Mol. Evol. 45 (1): 97–106. doi:10.1007/PL00006208. PMID 9211740. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ "PARAZOA TAXONOMY". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ "Reviews glossary". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
External links[edit]
- http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/BSC1011/BSC1011_12/sld001.htm
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Eukaryota
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- Domain : Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukaryota
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| Bikonta |
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AH/SAR
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AH
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Archaeplastida, or Plantae sensu lato
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- Viridiplantae/Plantae sensu stricto
- Rhodophyta
- Glaucophyta
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Hacrobia, or non-SAR chromalveolata
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- Haptophyta
- Cryptophyta
- Centroheliozoa
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SAR
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Halvaria
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Heterokont ("S")
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- Ochrophyta
- Bigyra
- Pseudofungi
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Alveolata
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- Ciliates
- Myzozoa
- Apicomplexa
- Dinoflagellata
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Rhizaria
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Excavata
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- Discoba
- Euglenozoa
- Jakobea
- Percolozoa
- Loukozoa
- Metamonad
- Malawimonas
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Apusozoa
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- Apusomonadida
- Ancyromonadida
- Hemimastigida
- Hemimastix
- Spironema
- Stereonema
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| Unikonta |
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Amoebozoa
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- Lobosea
- Conosa
- Phalansterium
- Breviata
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Opisthokonta
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Holozoa
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Mesomycetozoea
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- Dermocystida
- Ichthyophonida
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Filozoa
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Filasterea
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Choanoflagellate
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- Codonosigidae
- Salpingoecidae
- Acanthoecidae
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Metazoa
or "Animalia"
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- Eumetazoa
- Bilateria
- Cnidaria
- Ctenophora
- Mesozoa
- Parazoa
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Holomycota
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Fungi
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- Dikarya
- Glomeromycota
- Zygomycota
- Blastocladiomycota
- Chytridiomycota
- Neocallimastigomycota
- Microsporidia
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Nucleariidae
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- Nuclearia
- Micronuclearia
- Rabdiophrys
- Pinaciophora
- Pompholyxophrys
- Fonticula
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| Unclassified |
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Diphyllatea
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- Collodictyon triciliatum
- Diphylleia rotans
- Sulcomonas lacustris
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Extant phyla of kingdom Animalia by subkingdom
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| Parazoa |
- Porifera
- Calcarea
- Demospongiae
- Hexactinellida
- Placozoa
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| Mesozoa |
- Orthonectida
- Dicyemida
- Monoblastozoa
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| Eumetazoa |
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Radiata
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- Ctenophora
- Cnidaria
- Anthozoa
- Hydrozoa
- Scyphozoa
- Cubozoa
- Staurozoa
- Myxozoa
- Polypodiozoa
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Bilateria
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Protostomia
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Ecdysozoa
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Cycloneuralia
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Scalidophora
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- Kinorhyncha
- Loricifera
- Priapulida
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Nematoida
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Panarthropoda
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- Onychophora
- Tardigrada
- Arthropoda
- Lobopodia
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Lophotrochozoa
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Spiralia
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Platyzoa
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- Platyhelminthes
- Gastrotricha
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Gnathifera
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- Rotifera
- Acanthocephala
- Gnathostomulida
- Micrognathozoa
- Cycliophora
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Trochozoa
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- Sipuncula
- Nemertea
- Mollusca
- Annelida
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Lophophorata
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- Phoronida
- Brachiopoda
- Bryozoa (?)
- Entoprocta (?)
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Deuterostomia
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Ambulacraria
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Xenacoelomorpha
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- Acoelomorpha (Acoela)
- Nemertodermatida
- Xenoturbellida
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- Echinodermata
- Hemichordata
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- Chordata
- Craniata
- Cephalochordata
- Tunicata
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Basal/disputed
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English Journal
Related Links
- ... Parazoa: a cellular level of organization Although the two phyla in this subkingdom, Porifera (sponges) and Placozoa, lack clearly defined tissues and organs, their cells specialize and integrate their activities. Their simplicity ...
- ... Parazoa Phyla: Porifera Name [] Parazoa References [] Gordon, D.P. (ed.) 2009: New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia. Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press ; , 45 ...
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