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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/07 18:14:59」(JST)
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"Sexual perversity" redirects here. For the play by David Mamet, see Sexual Perversity in Chicago.
| Paraphilia | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| MeSH | D010262 |
Paraphilia (from Greek para παρά = beside and -philia φιλία = friendship, meaning love) describes the experience of intense sexual arousal to highly atypical objects, situations, or individuals.[1] Examples include sexual interests that can motivate committing sexual offences—such as pedophilia, zoophilia, sexual sadism, and exhibitionism—but also include many harmless sexual interests, such as transvestism. There is no consensus for any precise border between unusual personal sexual tastes and paraphilic ones, and multiple, overlapping definitions exist. There is debate over which, if any, of the paraphilias should be listed in diagnostic manuals, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases.
It is not known how many different kinds of paraphilias exist; one source lists as many as 549 paraphilias.[2]
Because so many paraphilias exist, one needs to classify them in an orderly and meaningful way.
Several sub-classifications of the paraphilias have been proposed, and some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence.[3][4]
Contents
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Language and stigma [edit]
Many terms have been used to describe atypical sexual interests, and there remains debate regarding technical accuracy and perceptions of stigma.
Sexologist John Money popularized the term paraphilia as a nonpejorative designation for unusual sexual interests.[5][6][7][8]
Psychiatrist Glen Gabbard writes that despite efforts by Stekel and Money, "the term paraphilia remains pejorative in most circumstances."[9]
History [edit]
Term [edit]
The term paraphilia was coined by Wilhelm Stekel in the 1920s.[10]
Money described paraphilia as "a sexuoerotic embellishment of, or alternative to the official, ideological norm."[11]
In the late 19th century, psychologists and psychiatrists started to categorize various paraphilias as they wanted a more descriptive system than the legal and religious constructs of sodomy[12] and perversion.[13] Before the introduction of the term paraphilia in the DSM-III (1980), the term sexual deviation was used to refer to paraphilias in the first two editions of the manual.[14] In 1981 an article published in American Journal of Psychiatry described paraphilia as "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving:[15]
- Non-human objects
- The suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner
- Children
- Non-consenting persons
Homosexuality [edit]
Homosexuality was at one time discussed as a sexual deviation.[16] Sigmund Freud and subsequent psychoanalytic thinkers considered homosexuality and paraphilias to result from psychosexual regression to an infantile state.[17]
By the mid-20th century, mental health practitioners began formalizing "deviant sexuality" classifications into categories. Originally coded as 000-x63, homosexuality was the top of the classification list (Code 302.0) until the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973. Martin Kafka writes, "Sexual disorders once considered paraphilias (e.g., homosexuality) are now regarded as variants of normal sexuality."[18]
A 2012 literature study by James Cantor comparing homosexuality with paraphilias found that homosexuality was sufficiently dissimilar from the paraphilias as to be considered an unrelated construct.[19]
The border between typical and atypical sexual interests [edit]
Albert Eulenburg (1914) noted a commonality across the paraphilias, using the terminology of his time, "All the forms of sexual perversion...have one thing in common: their roots reach down into the matrix of natural and normal sex life; there they are somehow closely connected with the feelings and expressions of our physiological erotism. They are...hyperbolic intensifications, distortions, monstrous fruits of certain partial and secondary expressions of this erotism which is considered 'normal' or at least within the limits of healthy sex feeling."[20]
The clinical literature contains reports of many paraphilias, only some of which receive their own entries in the diagnostic taxonomies of the American Psychiatric Association or the World Health Organization.[21][22] There is disagreement regarding which sexual interests should be deemed paraphilic disorders versus normal variants of sexual interest. For example, as of May 2000, per DSM-IV-TR, "Because some cases of Sexual Sadism may not involve harm to a victim (e.g., inflicting humiliation on a consenting partner), the wording for sexual sadism involves a hybrid of the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV wording (i.e., "the person has acted on these urges with a non-consenting person, or the urges, sexual fantasies, or behaviors cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty").[23]
Consensual adult activities and adult entertainment involving sexual roleplay, novel, superficial, or trivial aspects of sexual fetishism, or incorporating the use of sex toys are not necessarily paraphilic.[24] Paraphilial psychopathology is not the same as psychologically normative adult human sexual behaviors, sexual fantasy, and sex play.
Intensity and specificity [edit]
Clinicians distinguish between optional, preferred and exclusive paraphilias,[24] though the terminology is not completely standardized. An "optional" paraphilia is an alternative route to sexual arousal. For example, a man with otherwise unremarkable sexual interests might in some cases seek or enhance sexual arousal by wearing women's underwear. In preferred paraphilias, a person prefers the paraphilia to conventional sexual activities, but also engages in conventional sexual activities.
The literature includes single-case studies of exceedingly rare and idiosyncratic paraphilias. These include an adolescent male who had a strong fetishistic interest in the exhaust pipes of cars, a young man with a similar interest in a specific type of car, and a man who had a paraphilic interest in sneezing (both his own and the sneezing of others).[25][26]
Associated features [edit]
Sex differences [edit]
Paraphilias are rarely observed in women,[24] but some case studies of females with paraphilias have been published.[27] Approximately 1 in 20 cases of Sexual Masochism are female.[24]
Classification as mental illness [edit]
There is scientific and political controversy regarding the continued inclusion of sex-related diagnoses such as the paraphilias in the DSM, due to the stigma of being classified as a mental illness.[28]
Some groups seeking greater understanding and acceptance of sexual diversity have lobbied for changes to the legal and medical status of unusual sexual interests and practices. Charles Allen Moser, a physician and advocate for sexual minorities, has argued that the diagnoses should be eliminated from diagnostic manuals.[29]
DSM-I and DSM-II [edit]
In American psychiatry, prior to the publication of the DSM-I, paraphilias were classified as cases of "psychopathic personality with pathologic sexuality". The DSM-I (1952) included sexual deviation as a personality disorder of sociopathic subtype. The only diagnostic guidance was that sexual deviation should have been "reserved for deviant sexuality which [was] not symptomatic of more extensive syndromes, such as schizophrenic or obsessional reactions". The specifics of the disorder were to be provided by the clinician as a "supplementary term" to the sexual deviation diagnosis; examples of this supplementary term provided in the DSM-I included homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia, fetishism, and sexual sadism, including rape. There were no restrictions in the DSM-I on what this supplementary term could be.[30] Researcher Anil Aggrawal writes that the 1952 first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) specified "the type of the pathological behavior, such as homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia, fetishism, and sexual sadism, including rape, sexual assault, mutilation)."[31]
The DSM-II (1968) continued to use the term "sexual deviations", but no longer ascribed them under personality disorders, but rather them alongside them in a broad category titled "personality disorders and certain other nonpsychotic mental disorders". The types of sexual deviations listed in the DSM-II were: sexual orientation disturbance (homosexuality), fetishism, pedophilia, transvestitism (sic), exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism, and "other sexual deviation". No definition or examples were provided for "other sexual deviation", but the general category of sexual deviation was meant to describe the sexual preference of individuals that was "directed primarily toward objects other than people of opposite sex, toward sexual acts not usually associated with coitus, or toward coitus performed under bizarre circumstances, as in necrophilia, pedophilia, sexual sadism, and fetishism."[32] Except for the removal of homosexuality from the DSM-III onwards, this definition provided a general standard that has guided specific definitions of paraphilias in subsequent DSM editions, up to DSM-IV-TR.[33]
DSM-III through DSM-IV [edit]
The term "paraphilia" was introduced in the DSM-III (1980) as a subset of the new category of "psychosexual disorders."
The DSM-III-R (1987) renamed the broad category to sexual disorders, renamed atypical paraphilia to paraphilia NOS (not otherwise specified), renamed transvestism as transvestic fetishism, added frotteurism, and moved zoophilia to the NOS category. It also provided seven nonexhaustive examples of NOS paraphilias, which besides zoophilia included telephone scatologia, necrophilia, partialism, coprophilia, klismaphilia, and urophilia.[34]
The DSM-IV (1994) retained the sexual disorders classification for paraphlias, but added an even broader category, "sexual and gender identity disorders," which includes them. The DSM-IV retained the same types of paraphilias listed in DSM-III-R, including the NOS examples, but introduced some changes to the definitions of some specific types.[33]
DSM-IV-TR [edit]
The DSM-IV-TR describes paraphilias as "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors generally involving (1) nonhuman objects, (2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (3) children or other nonconsenting persons that occur over a period of 6 months" (Criterion A), which "cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning" (Criterion B). DSM-IV-TR names eight specific paraphilic disorders (Exhibitionism, Fetishism, Frotteurism, Pedophilia, Sexual masochism, Sexual sadism, Voyeurism, and Transvestic fetishism, plus a residual category, Paraphilia—Not Otherwise Specified).[35] Criterion B differs for exhibitionism, frotteurism, and pedophilia to include acting on these urges, and for sadism, acting on these urges with a nonconsenting person.[24] Sexual arousal in association with objects that were designed for sexual purposes is not diagnosable.[24]
Some paraphilias may interfere with the capacity for sexual activity with consenting adult partners.[24]
In the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), a paraphilia is not diagnosable as a psychiatric disorder unless it causes distress to the individual or harm to others.[1]
DSM-5 [edit]
The DSM-5 draft adds a terminology distinction between the two cases, stating that "paraphilias are not ipso facto psychiatric disorders", and defining paraphilic disorder as "a paraphilia that causes distress or impairment to the individual or harm to others".[36]
The DSM-5 Paraphilias Subworkgroup reached a "consensus that paraphilias are not ipso facto psychiatric disorders", and proposed "that the DSM-V make a distinction between paraphilias and paraphilic disorders. A paraphilia by itself would not automatically justify or require psychiatric intervention. A paraphilic disorder is a paraphilia that causes distress or impairment to the individual or harm to others. One would ascertain a paraphilia (according to the nature of the urges, fantasies, or behaviors) but diagnose a paraphilic disorder (on the basis of distress and impairment). In this conception, having a paraphilia would be a necessary but not a sufficient condition for having a paraphilic disorder." The 'Rationale' page of any paraphilia in the electronic DSM-5 draft continues: "This approach leaves intact the distinction between normative and non-normative sexual behavior, which could be important to researchers, but without automatically labeling non-normative sexual behavior as psychopathological. It also eliminates certain logical absurdities in the DSM-IV-TR. In that version, for example, a man cannot be classified as a transvestite—however much he cross-dresses and however sexually exciting that is to him—unless he is unhappy about this activity or impaired by it. This change in viewpoint would be reflected in the diagnostic criteria sets by the addition of the word "Disorder" to all the paraphilias. Thus, Sexual Sadism would become Sexual Sadism Disorder; Sexual Masochism would become Sexual Masochism Disorder, and so on."[36]
Bioethics professor Alice Dreger interpreted these changes as "a subtle way of saying sexual kinks are basically okay – so okay, the sub-work group doesn’t actually bother to define paraphilia. But a paraphilic disorder is defined: that’s when an atypical sexual interest causes distress or impairment to the individual or harm to others." Interviewed by Dreger, Ray Blanchard, the Chair of the Paraphilias Sub-Work Group, explained: "We tried to go as far as we could in depathologizing mild and harmless paraphilias, while recognizing that severe paraphilias that distress or impair people or cause them to do harm to others are validly regarded as disorders."[37]
Charles Allen Moser pointed out that this change is not really substantive as DSM-IV already acknowledged a difference between paraphilias and non-pathological but unusual sexual interests, a distinction that is virtually identical to what is being proposed for DSM-5, and it is a distinction that, in practice, has often been ignored.[38] Linguist A. C. Hinderliter argued that "Including some sexual interests—but not others—in the DSM creates a fundamental asymmetry and communicates a negative value judgment against the sexual interests included," and leaves the paraphilias in a situation similar to ego-dystonic homosexuality, which was removed from the DSM because it did not meet the DSM's definition of mental disorder.[39]
Historian and philosopher of science Patrick Singy claims that the DSM-5 is about to drastically loosen the criteria for paraphilias and to make them directly dependent on cultural values. The DSM-5 will then be closer to the DSM-I and DSM-II than to their successors, which all were at least trying to separate the concept of "mental disorder" from cultural norms, and which made "harm" or "distress" a necessary condition for having a mental disorder.[40]
Causes [edit]
The causes of paraphilic sexual preferences in men are unclear, although a growing body of research points to a possible prenatal neurodevelopmental correlation. A 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterosexual men by using the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire exam, determined that males with a pronounced degree of fetish interest had a greater number of older brothers, a high 2D:4D digit ratio (which would indicate excessive prenatal estrogen exposure), and an elevated probability of being left-handed, suggesting that disturbed hemispheric brain lateralization may play a role in deviant attractions.[41]
Treatments [edit]
The treatment of paraphilias and related disorders has been challenging for patients and clinicians. In the past, surgical castration was advocated as a therapy for men with pedophilia, but has been abandoned for the time being because most governments consider it a cruel punishment where the express willingness and consent of the patient is not objectively indicated. Psychotherapy, self-help groups, and pharmacotherapy (including anti-androgen hormone therapy sometimes referred to as "chemical castration") have all been used. Other drug treatments for these disorders do exist, however.[42][43]
Antiandrogenic drugs such as medroxyprogesterone (also known as the long-acting contraceptive Depo Provera) have been widely used as therapy in these men to reduce sex drive. However, their efficacy is limited and they have many side effects, including breast growth, headaches, weight gain, and reduction in bone density. Even if compliance is good, only 60 to 80 percent of men benefit from this type of drug. Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormones, such as Triptorelin (Trelstar) which reduces the release of gonadotropin hormones, are also used. This drug is a synthetic hormone which may also lead to reduced sex drive.[42]
Psychostimulants have been used recently to augment the effects of serotonergic drugs in paraphiliacs. In theory, the prescription of a psychostimulant without pretreatment with an SSRI might further disinhibit sexual behavior, but when taken together, the psychostimulant may actually reduce impulsive tendencies. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is an amphetamine-like stimulant used primarily to manage the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recent studies imply that methylphenidate may also act on serotonergic systems; this may be important in explaining the paradoxical calming effect of stimulants on ADHD patients. Amphetamine is also used medically as an adjunct to antidepressants in refractory cases of depression.[42]
Legal issues [edit]
In the United States, following a series of landmark cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, persons diagnosed with paraphilias and a history of anti-social behavior, particularly pedophilia (Kansas v. Hendricks, 1997) and exhibitionism (Kansas v. Crane, 2002), can be held indefinitely in civil confinement under various state legislation generically known as Sexually violent predator laws[44][45] and the federal Adam Walsh Act (United States v. Comstock, 2010).[46][47]
See also [edit]
| Psychology portal | |
| Sexuality portal | |
| Psychiatry portal |
- Courtship disorder
- Dorian Gray syndrome
- Erotic target location error
- Human sexuality
- List of paraphilias
- Lovemap
- Psychosexual development
- Richard von Krafft-Ebing
- Sex and the law
- -phil- (list of philias)
References [edit]
- ^ a b American Psychiatric Association (2000-06). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (Text Revision). Arlington, VA, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. pp. 566–76. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349. ISBN 978-0-89042-024-9.
- ^ Aggrawal, Anil (2009). Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 1-4200-4308-0. Unknown parameter
|curly=ignored (help) - ^ Maser, JD et al. (2002). "Spectrum concepts in major mental disorders". Psychiatric Clinics of North America 25 (4): xi–xiii. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00034-5. PMID 12462854.
- ^ Krueger, RF; et al (2005). "Introduction to the Special Section: Toward a Dimensionally Based Taxonomy of Psychopathology". Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114 (4): 491–3. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.491. PMC 2242426. PMID 16351372.
- ^ Weiderman, M. (2003). "Paraphilia and Fetishism". The Family Journal 11 (3): 315–321. doi:10.1177/1066480703252663.
- ^ Bullough, VL (1995). Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research. Basic Books. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-465-07259-0.
- ^ Moser, C (2001). "Critiques of conventional models of sex therapy". In Kleinplatz PJ. New directions in sex therapy: innovations and alternatives. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-87630-967-4.
- ^ McCammon, S; Knox D & Schacht C (2004). Choices in sexuality. Atomic Dog Publishing. p. 476. ISBN 978-1-59260-050-2.
- ^ Gabbard, GO (2007). Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. American Psychiatric Press. ISBN 978-1-58562-216-0.
- ^ Stekel, W (1930). Sexual Aberrations: The Phenomenon of Fetishism in Relation to Sex (translated from the 1922 original German edition by S. Parker ed.). Liveright Publishing.
- ^ Money, J (1990). Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. Oxford University Press. pp. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-506331-8.
- ^ Dailey, Dennis M. (1989). The Sexually Unusual: Guide to Understanding and Helping. Haworth Press ISBN 978-0-86656-786-2, pp. 15-16
- ^ Purcell, CE; Arrigo BA (2006). The psychology of lust murder: paraphilia, sexual killing, and serial homicide. Academic Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-12-370510-5.
- ^ Laws and, O'Donohue (2008) p. 384
- ^ Spitzer, R. L. (1981). "The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: A reformulation of the issues". The American Journal of Psychiatry 138 (2): 210–215. PMID 7457641. edit
- ^ Hutchinson, GE (1959). "A speculative consideration of certain possible forms of sexual selection in man". American Naturalist 93 (869): 81–91. doi:10.1086/282059.
- ^ Karpman, B. (1951). "The sexual psychopath". Journal of the American Medical Association 146 (8): 721–726. PMID 14832048. edit
- ^ Kafka, MP (1996). "Therapy for Sexual Impulsivity: The Paraphilias and Paraphilia-Related Disorders". Psychiatric Times 13 (6).
- ^ Cantor, J. M. (2012). "Is Homosexuality a Paraphilia? The Evidence for and Against" (html). Archives of Sexual Behavior 41 (1): 237–247. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9900-3. PMC 3310132. PMID 22282324. edit
- ^ Eulenburg (1914). Ueber sexualle Perversionen. Ztschr. f. Sexualwissenschaft, Vol. I, No. 8. translated in Stekel, Wilhelm. (1940). Sexual aberrations: The phenomena of fetishism in relation to sex. New York: Liveright, p. 4. OCLC 795528
- ^ ""Axis I. Clinical Disorders, most V-Codes and conditions that need Clinical attention". Retrieved: 23 November, 2007". Psyweb.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ^ World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, (2007), Chapter V, Block F65; Disorders of sexual preference. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
- ^ Summary of Practice-Relevant Changes to the DSM-IV-TR from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
- ^ a b c d e f g American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
- ^ Padmal de Silva (March 2007). "Sexual disorder and psychosexual therapy". Psychiatry (Elsevier Ltd) 6 (3): 130–134. doi:10.1016/j.mppsy.2006.12.009.
- ^ King, M.B. (1990). "Sneezing as a fetish object". Sexual and Marital Therapy 5 (1): 69–72. doi:10.1080/02674659008407999.
- ^ Fedoroff, J. P., Fishell, A., & Fedoroff, B. (). A case series of women evaluated for paraphilic sexual disorders. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 8.
- ^ Kleinplatz, PJ; Moser C (2005). "Politics versus science: An addendum and response to Drs. Spitzer and Fink". Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 17 (3/4): 135–139. doi:10.1300/J056v17n03_09. ISBN 9780789032140.
- ^ Moser C, Kleinplatz PJ (2005). "DSM-IV-TR and the Paraphilias: An argument for removal". Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 17 (3/4): 91–109.
- ^ Laws and, O'Donohue (2008) pp. 384-385 citing DSM-I pp. 7, 38-39
- ^ Aggrawal, A (2008). Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices. CRC Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4200-4308-2.
- ^ Laws and, O'Donohue (2008) p. 385 citing DSM-II p. 44
- ^ a b Laws and O'Donohue (2008) p. 386
- ^ Laws and, O'Donohue (2008) p. 385
- ^ Paraphilias: Clinical and Forensic Considerations, April 15, 2007 Psychiatric Times. Vol. 24 No. 5 from Psychiatric Times
- ^ a b http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=186 (click 'Rationale' tab).
- ^ Alice Dreger (19 Feb 2010) Of Kinks, Crimes, and Kinds: The Paraphilias Proposal for the DSM-5, Hastings Center
- ^ Moser C (2010). "Problems with Ascertainment". Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (6): 1225–1227. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9661-9. PMID 20652734.
- ^ A. C. Hinderliter. (2010) Defining paraphilia: excluding exclusion. Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology. 2, 241-271. http://web.me.com/gregdeclue/Site/Volume_2__2010_files/Hinderliter%202010.pdf
- ^ Singy P (2010). "What's Wrong With Sex?". Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (6): 1231–1233. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9650-z. PMID 20625808.
- ^ Rahman Q, Symeonides DJ (February 2007). "Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Paraphilic Sexual Interests in Men". Archives of Sexual Behavior 37 (1): 166–172. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9255-3. PMID 18074220. edit
- ^ a b c M. Williams. Sexual Compulsivity: Defining Paraphilias and Related Disorders "Psychoactive Drug Treatments". Retrieved 23 November 2007
- ^ How do you cure a sex addict? Lauren Slater, NYTimes, 19 Nov 2000
- ^ First, M. B.; Halon, R. L. (2008). "Use of DSM paraphilia diagnoses in sexually violent predator commitment cases" (pdf). The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 36 (4): 443–454. PMID 19092060. edit
- ^ Cripe, Clair A; Pearlman, Michael G (2005). Legal aspects of corrections management. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 248. ISBN 978-0-7637-2545-7.
- ^ JESSE J. HOLLAND, Court: Sexually dangerous can be kept in prison, Associated Press. Retrieved 5-16-2010.
- ^ "Civil: SVPA - CCAP". Capcentral.org. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- Bibliography
- D. Richard Laws, William T. O'Donohue (ed.), Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment, 2nd ed., Guilford Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2
- Further reading
- Kenneth Plummer, Sexual stigma: an interactionist account, Routledge, 1975, ISBN 0-7100-8060-3
- Elisabeth Roudinesco, Our Dark Side, a History of Perversion, Polity Press, 2009, ISBN 0-7456-4593-3
External links [edit]
| Look up paraphilia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paraphilias |
- DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR list of paraphilias
- Proposed diagnostic criteria for sex and gender section of DSM5
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. フェティシズム的障害 fetishistic disorder
- 2. 成人における強迫性障害：疫学、病因、臨床症状、経過、および診断 obsessive compulsive disorder in adults epidemiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations course and diagnosis
English Journal
- Kinky Parents and Child Custody: The Effect of the DSM-5 Differentiation Between the Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders.
- Wright S.
- Archives of sexual behavior.Arch Sex Behav.2014 Oct;43(7):1257-8. doi: 10.1007/s10508-013-0250-6.
- PMID 24473942
- LGBTQs and the DSM-5: a critical queer response.
- Daley A1, Mulé NJ.
- Journal of homosexuality.J Homosex.2014 Sep;61(9):1288-312. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2014.926766.
- This article outlines a community-based collaboration in Toronto, Canada that led to an official response to the APA's call for comments and suggestions regarding diagnostic criteria revisions for the DSM-5 with a focus on disorders that have or may have an impact on the lives of LGBTQ people. We id
- PMID 24959984
- [Introduction and transformation of the psychiatric term "anancasm" : From Gyula (Julius) Donáth via Kurt Schneider to ICD-10].
- Steinberg H.
- Der Nervenarzt.Nervenarzt.2014 Sep;85(9):1171-4. doi: 10.1007/s00115-013-3841-5.
- The conceptual history of "anancasm" in psychiatry remains almost unexplored and this article will help to remove this deficit. It was the Budapest-based neuropsychiatrist Gyula Donáth (1849-1944) who first proposed this Greek-rooted term in 1897 as an international term for compulsive symptoms and
- PMID 24036702
Japanese Journal
- 海外文献抄録 DSM-5におけるパラフィリアの診断基準の改訂について : 診断の妥当性と法医学的有用性の葛藤
- Wakefield Jerome C.
- アディクションと家族 : 日本嗜癖行動学会誌 29(2), 178-181, 2013-05
- NAID 40019740856
- パラフィリア (特集 精神科診断分類の改訂にむけて : DSM-5の動向) -- (DSM-5ドラフトにおける精神障害)
- 針間 克己
- 臨床精神医学 41(5), 681-684, 2012-05
- NAID 40019316617
Related Links
- A look at paraphilias -- such as pedophilia, voyeurism, and exhibitionism -- and how to deal with these uncontrolled sexual impulses. ... Paraphilias are abnormal sexual behaviors or impulses characterized by intense sexual fantasies ...
- Paraphilias are conditions marked by sexual attraction for objects or people outside the norm. ... Treatment approaches have included traditional psychoanalysis, hypnosis, and behavior therapy techniques. More recently, a class of ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「性嗜好異常」 |
| 関連記事 | 「paraphilia」 |
「性嗜好異常」
- 英
- paraphilia paraphilias, disorder of sexual preference
- 同
- 性嗜好障害、性的偏奇 sexual deviation
「paraphilia」
- n.
- (精神医)性欲倒錯、性欲倒錯症。性嗜好異常