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a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/15 14:07:10」(JST)

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This article is about the thought process. For other uses, see Paranoia (disambiguation) and Paranoid (disambiguation).

"Paranoiac" redirects here. For the film, see Paranoiac (film).

Paranoia [ˌpærəˈnɔɪ.ə] (adjective: paranoid [ˈpærə.nɔɪd]) is a thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs, or beliefs of conspiracy concerning a perceived threat towards oneself. (e.g. "Everyone is out to get me.") Making false accusations and the general distrust of others also frequently accompany paranoia. For example, an incident most people would view as an accident or coincidence, a paranoid person might believe was intentional.

History

The word paranoia comes from the Greek "παράνοια" (paranoia), "madness"^[1] and that from "παρά" (para), "beside, by"^[2] + "νόος" (noos), "mind".^[3] The term was used to describe a mental illness in which a delusional belief is the sole or most prominent feature. In an original attempt at classifying different forms of mental illness, Kraepelin used the term pure paranoia to describe a condition where a delusion was present, but without any apparent deterioration in intellectual abilities and without any of the other features of dementia praecox, the condition later renamed "schizophrenia".^[when?] In his definition, the belief does not have to be persecutory to be classified as paranoid, so any number of delusional beliefs can be classified as paranoia.^{[citation needed]} For example, a person who has the sole delusional belief that he is an important religious figure would be classified by Kraepelin as having 'pure paranoia'. According to Phelan, M. Padraig, W. Stern, J (2000)^[4] paranoia and paraphrenia are debated entities that were detached from dementia praecox by Kraepelin, who explained paranoia as a continuous systematized delusion arising much later in life with no presence of either hallucinations or a deteriorating course, paraphrenia as an identical syndrome to paranoia but with hallucinations. Even at the present time, a delusion need not be suspicious or fearful to be classified as paranoid. A person might be diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic without delusions of persecution, simply because their delusions refer mainly to themselves.

Use in modern psychiatry

In the DSM-IV-TR, paranoia is diagnosed in the form of:^[5]

paranoid personality disorder^[6]
paranoid schizophrenia (a subtype of schizophrenia)
the persecutory type of delusional disorder, which is also called "querulous paranoia" when the focus is to remedy some injustice by legal action.^[7]

According to clinical psychologist P. J. McKenna, "As a noun, paranoia denotes a disorder which has been argued in and out of existence, and whose clinical features, course, boundaries, and virtually every other aspect of which is controversial. Employed as an adjective, paranoid has become attached to a diverse set of presentations, from paranoid schizophrenia, through paranoid depression, to paranoid personality—not to mention a motley collection of paranoid 'psychoses', 'reactions', and 'states'—and this is to restrict discussion to functional disorders. Even when abbreviated down to the prefix para-, the term crops up causing trouble as the contentious but stubbornly persistent concept of paraphrenia."^[8]

References

Notes

^ παράνοια, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on perseus Digital Library
^ παρά, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on perseus Digital Library
^ νόος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on perseus Digital Library
^ Phelan, Michael; Wright, Padraig; Julian Stern (2000). Core psychiatry. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7020-2490-2.
^ American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR: Fourth edition Text Revision) (2000) [1]
^ American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR: Fourth edition Text Revision) (2000) p.690
^ American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR: Fourth edition Text Revision) (2000) p.325
^ McKenna, P.J. (1997). Schizophrenia and related syndromes. Psychology Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-86377-790-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=vNK46FMFa-oC&pg=PA238.

Further reading

Canetti, Elias (1962). Crowds and Power. Translated from the German by Carol Stewart. Gollancz, London. 1962.
Farrell, John (2006). Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau. Cornell University Press.
Freeman, D. & Garety, P. A. (2004). Paranoia: The Psychology of Persecutory Delusions. Hove: Psychology Press. ISBN 1-84169-522-X
Igmade (Stephan Trüby et al., eds.), 5 Codes: Architecture, Paranoia and Risk in Times of Terror, Birkhäuser 2006. ISBN 3-7643-7598-1
Kantor, Martin (2004). Understanding Paranoia: A Guide for Professionals, Families, and Sufferers. Westport: Praeger Press. ISBN 0-275-98152-5
Munro, A. (1999). Delusional disorder. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58180-X
Sant, P. (2005). Delusional disorder. Punjab: Panjab University Chandigarh. ISBN 0-521-58180-X
Sims, A. (2002). Symptoms in the mind: An introduction to descriptive psychopathology (3rd edition). Edinburgh: Elsevier Science Ltd. ISBN 0-7020-2627-1
Siegel, Ronald K. (1994). Whispers: The Voices of Paranoia. New York: Crown. ISBN 0-684-80285-6.

English Journal

[Psychodynamic and forensic approach of constitutional mythomania: a case report].

Ben Thabet J1, Zouari N, Charfeddine F, Zouari L, Maâlej M.Author information 1Service de psychiatrie C, faculté de médecine de Sfax, université de Sfax, CHU Hédi-Chaker, route El-Aïn-km 1, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie. kamounjihene@yahoo.frAbstractINTRODUCTION: Constitutional mythomania presents several diagnostic, aetiopathogenic and forensic problems for the doctor. We have discussed these aspects through the analysis of a case report.
L'Encéphale.Encephale.2012 Dec;38(6):504-11. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2012.01.005. Epub 2012 May 31.
INTRODUCTION: Constitutional mythomania presents several diagnostic, aetiopathogenic and forensic problems for the doctor. We have discussed these aspects through the analysis of a case report.CASE REPORT: The case report relates to a 43 year-old man, who was subjected to a penal expertise following
PMID 23200617

Uneventful octreotide LAR therapy throughout three pregnancies, with favorable delivery and anthropometric measures for each newborn: a case report.

Naccache DD1, Zaina A, Shen-Or Z, Armoni M, Kontogeorgos G, Yahia A.Author information 1Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Health Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel. d_deeb@rambam.health.gov.il.AbstractINTRODUCTION: The safety of octreotide use, in its short-acting preparation, in pregnancy is still unclear. This report provides the first documentation of uneventful octreotide LAR use during three pregnancies in a woman with bronchial carcinoid-associated adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome.
Journal of medical case reports.J Med Case Rep.2011 Aug 16;5:386. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-386.
INTRODUCTION: The safety of octreotide use, in its short-acting preparation, in pregnancy is still unclear. This report provides the first documentation of uneventful octreotide LAR use during three pregnancies in a woman with bronchial carcinoid-associated adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cush
PMID 21846347

VladimirMikhailovic Bekhterev (1857-1927): strange circumstances surrounding the death of the great Russian neurologist.

Kesselring J.Author information Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Rehabilitation Centre, Valens, Switzerland. kesselring.klival@spin.chAbstractThe famous Russian neurologist Vladimir Mikhailovic Bekhterev (1857-1927) was ordered to examine Josef Stalin in December 1927 during the First All-Russian Neurological Congress in Moscow. Returning to the Congress after his consultation he told some colleagues that he had 'examined a paranoiac with a dry, small hand'. The next day, Bekhterev died and only his brain was examined postmortem, the body being cremated the same day.
European neurology.Eur Neurol.2011;66(1):14-7. doi: 10.1159/000328779. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
The famous Russian neurologist Vladimir Mikhailovic Bekhterev (1857-1927) was ordered to examine Josef Stalin in December 1927 during the First All-Russian Neurological Congress in Moscow. Returning to the Congress after his consultation he told some colleagues that he had 'examined a paranoiac with
PMID 21701175

Japanese Journal

Fears of the Demon Lover : Female Paranoia in the Demon Lover Stories by Elizabeth Bowen and Shirley Jackson

Nakagawa Chiho
ジェンダー研究 : お茶の水女子大学ジェンダー研究センター年報 11, 55-71, 2008-03-00
… Some critics read Jackson's "The Daemon Lover" and Elizabeth Bowen's "The Demon Lover" as stories of paranoia, suggesting the strong connection between the fears of demon lovers and the typical paranoiac delusions. …
NAID 110007152840