ペーパークロマトグラフィー

WordNet

cover with paper; "paper the box"
a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses
a medium for written communication; "the notion of an office running without paper is absurd"
a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses; "he has written many scientific papers"
a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency
worthless or oversimplified ideas (同)pablum
the application of wallpaper (同)paperhanging

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『紙』 / 〈C〉(1枚の)『紙』 / 〈C〉論文,研究論文(口頭で発表するものをさす);(学生の)レポート / 〈C〉試験問題[用紙];答案[用紙] / 〈C〉《話》『新聞』(newspaper) / 《複数形で》『書類』,文書;(身分・資格などを示す)証明書 / 〈U〉紙幣(paper money);手形類 / 〈C〉〈U〉壁紙(wallpaper) / 紙[製]の / 紙の上だけの,実祭には存在しない / 新聞[用]の / …‘に'紙をはる / …‘を'紙で包む《+『over』(『up』)+『名,』+『名』+『over』(『up』)》
色層分析法(混合物を成分に分離する方法)
〈U〉(病人・幼児用の)消化しやすい食物,離乳食 / 〈C〉(女性の)乳首 / 〈C〉《米》通俗読物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/21 17:57:18」(JST)

wiki en

Paper chromatography is an analytical method technique for separating and identifying mixtures that are or can be coloured, especially pigments. This can also be used in secondary or primary colours in ink experiments. This method has been largely replaced by thin layer chromatography, however it is still a powerful teaching tool. Double-way paper chromatography, also called two-dimensional chromatography, involves using two solvents and rotating the paper 90° in between. This is useful for separating complex mixtures of similar compounds, for example, amino acids.

R_ƒ value [edit]

The retention factor (R_ƒ) may be defined as the ratio of the distance traveled by the substance to the distance traveled by the solvent. R_ƒ values are usually expressed as a fraction of two decimal places but it was suggested by Smith that a percentage figure should be used instead. If R_ƒ value of a solution is zero, the solute remains in the stationary phase and thus it is immobile. If R_ƒ value = 1 then the solute has no affinity for the stationary phase and travels with the solvent front. To calculate the R_ƒ value, take the distance traveled by the substance divided by the distance traveled by the solvent (as mentioned earlier in terms of ratios). For example, if a compound travels 2.1 cm and the solvent front travels 2.8 cm, (2.1/2.8) the R_ƒ value = 0.75

Pigments and Polarity [edit]

Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and identifying substances. Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires small quantities of material. Separations in paper chromatography involve the same principles as those in thin layer chromatography. In paper chromatography, like thin layer chromatography, substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase is usually a piece of high quality filter paper. The mobile phase is a developing solution that travels up the stationary phase, carrying the samples with it. Components of the sample will separate readily according to how strongly they absorb on the stationary phase versus how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase.

When a colored chemical sample is placed on a filter paper, the colours separate from the sample by placing one end of the paper in a solvent. The solvent diffuses up the paper, dissolving the various molecules in the sample according to the polarities of the molecules and the solvent. If the sample contains more than one colour, that means it must have more than one kind of molecule. Because of the different chemical structures of each kind of molecule, the chances are very high that each molecule will have at least a slightly different polarity, giving each molecule a different solubility in the solvent. The unequal solubilities cause the various color molecules to leave solution at different places as the solvent continues to move up the paper. The more soluble a molecule is, the higher it will migrate up the paper. If a chemical is very nonpolar it will not dissolve at all in a very polar solvent. This is the same for a very polar chemical and a very nonpolar solvent.

It is important to note that when using water (a very polar substance) as a solvent, the less polar the colour, the lower it will rise on the paper.

Types of Paper Chromatography [edit]

1.Descending Paper Chromatography-In this type development of paper is done by allowing the solvent to travel down the paper is called Descending Chromatography. Here the mobile phase is present in the upper portion.

2.Ascending Paper Chromatography-Here the solvent travel upward direction of the Chromatographic paper. Both the Descending and Ascending Paper Chromatography are used for separation of Organic and Inorganic substances.

3.Ascending-Descending Paper Chromatography-It is the hybrid of both the above technique. The upper part of the Ascending chromatography can be folded over a rod and allowing the paper to become descending after crossing the rod.

4.Radial Paper Chromatography-It is also called as Circular chromatography. Here a circular filter paper is taken and the sample is given at the center of the paper. After drying the spot the filter paper tied horizontally on a Petridish containing solvent. So that Wick of the paper is dipped inside the solvent. The solvent rises through the wick and the component get separated in form of concentrate circular zone.

5.Two-Dimensional Paper Chromatography-In this technique a square or rectangular paper is used. Here the sample is applied to one of the corner and development is performed at right angle to the direction of first run.

History [edit]

The discovery of paper chromatography in 1943 by Martin and Synge provided for the first time the means of surveying constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945.^[1]

References [edit]

^ Haslam, Edwin (2007). "Vegetable tannins – Lessons of a phytochemical lifetime". Phytochemistry 68 (22–24): 2713–21. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.009. PMID 18037145.

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English Journal

Miniaturisation and optimisation of the Dutch mini-Luke extraction method for implementation in the routine multi-residue analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables.

Lozano A1, Kiedrowska B2, Scholten J2, de Kroon M2, de Kok A2, Fernández-Alba AR3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Feb 1;192:668-81. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.065. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
This paper presents the validation and further miniaturisation of the well-known Dutch mini-Luke method for high water and acid content matrices for 175 pesticides amenable to liquid- and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For optimisation of the method, recovery tests with different sample/extra
PMID 26304397

Rapid and quantitative detection of 4(5)-methylimidazole in caramel colours: A novel fluorescent-based immunochromatographic assay.

Wu X1, Huang M1, Yu S2, Kong F1.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jan 1;190:843-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.037. Epub 2015 Jun 15.
A novel fluorescence-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) for rapid detecting 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MI) is presented in this study. In our work, the conjugates of fluorescent microspheres (FMs) and 4-MI monoclonal antibody were used as probe for ICA. Under optimal conditions, a standard curve o
PMID 26213047

Purification and identification of Se-containing antioxidative peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of Se-enriched brown rice protein.

Liu K1, Zhao Y1, Chen F2, Fang Y3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Nov 15;187:424-30. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.086. Epub 2015 Apr 24.
As a further study of Se-containing proteins (Se-Pro) derived from Se-enriched brown rice (Se-BR), this paper aimed to purify and identify Se-containing antioxidative peptides (Se-antioxi-Peps) from Se-Pro hydrolysates. The total Se content in Se-BR was 6.26μg/g DW, and selenocystine, Se-methylsele
PMID 25977046

Japanese Journal

The relationship between exposure to microbial volatile organic compound and allergy prevalence in single-family homes.

Araki Atsuko,Kanazawa Ayako,Kawai Toshio,Eitaki Yoko,Morimoto Kanehisa,Nakayama Kunio,Shibata Eiji,Tanaka Masatoshi,Takigawa Tomoko,Yoshimura Takesumi,Chikara Hisao,Saijo Yasuaki,Kishi Reiko
The Science of the total environment 423, 18-26, 2012-04-15
… We reported in a previous paper that 1-octen-3-ol exposure at home is associated with mucosal symptoms. … Air samples were collected using diffusive samplers, and the concentrations of eight selected MVOCs were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selected-ion-monitoring mode. …
NAID 120004027252

Gas Release Behavior of Alloyed Steel Powder by Gas Chromatography

HIBINO Atsushi,SHIRAISHI Yutaro
粉体および粉末冶金 58(9), 516-523, 2011-09-15
… In this paper, the gas release behavior from Fe powder, Fe-Cr powder, Fe-Ni powder, and Fe-Cr-Ni powder during heating in pure He gas were investigated by a gas chromatography analyzer. … From these investigations, the effects of Cr and Ni components against the gas release behavior of the alloyed steel powder were discussed in this paper. …
NAID 10029774344