panorama

WordNet

a picture (or series of pictures) representing a continuous scene (同)cyclorama, diorama

PrepTutorEJDIC

広々と見渡せる光景,全景 / パノラマ,回転画(風景・歴史的事件などの展開を観客に見せる装置) / (歴史などの)概観,大観 / 絶えず移り変わる光景

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/03 13:18:00」(JST)

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This article is an overview of the term Panorama. For other, more specific uses, see Panorama (disambiguation).

A 360-degree panorama with stereographic projection

A panorama (formed from Greek πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "sight") is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting, drawing, photography, film/video, or a three-dimensional model.

A panoramic view is also proposed for multi-media, cross-scale applications to outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so called a cognitive panorama is a panoramic view over and a combination of cognitive spaces. For more see the International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics.

Paintings

The word was originally coined by the Irish painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh and London. Shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, they were exhibited in London in 1792 as "The Panorama". The motion-picture term panning is derived from panorama.

In the mid-19th century, panoramic paintings and models became a very popular way to represent landscapes and historical events. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, immersed in a winding 360 degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The Dutch marine painter Hendrik Willem Mesdag created and established the Panorama Mesdag of The Hague, Netherlands, in 1881, a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the same year of 1881, the Bourbaki Panorama in Lucerne, Switzerland, which exhibits a circular painting, was created by Edouard Castres. The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a circumference of 112 meters.^[1] Another example would be the Atlanta Cyclorama, depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet wide.^[2] Even larger than these paintings is the Racławice Panorama located in Wrocław, Poland, which measures 120 × 15 metres.^[3]

A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792

Photographs

Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image. In the late 19th century, panoramic cameras using curved film holders employed clockwork drives to scan a line image in an arc to create an image over almost 180 degrees. Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as image stitching. Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of virtual reality movies, using technologies such as Apple Inc.'s QuickTime VR, Flash, Java, or even JavaScript. A rotating line camera such as the Panoscan allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for image stitching, but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution gigapixel panoramic images.

On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically at theme parks, world's fairs, and museums. Starting in 1955, Disney has created 360° theaters for its parks and the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, Cinerama used a curved screen and IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX movies are projected on a dome above the spectators.

One final form of panoramic representation is digital mapping generated from SRTM data. In these diagrams, a computer calculates the panorama from a given point.

Gallery

The gallery shows panoramas created at different dates, with the earliest precisely dated panorama here being 1875. It also shows different methods of creating panoramas, the simplest, the Tblisi panorama being several photos glued together, and the later photos showing a range of sophisticated digital methods. The gallery also demonstrates the range of subjects, from townscapes to landscapes, to interiors.

View of Sydney, a French print of albumen silver photographs taken in 1875 by Holtermann and Bayliss

A panorama of Beirut by the Maison Bonfils, (1867-99).

A panorama of Tbilisi in 1900s created by sticking individual photos together.

A multi-row panorama of San Francisco taken from Twin Peaks (2009)

Panorama of Mt Batur, Indonesia, 2002

A panoramic view of Venice, 2008

The Reading Room of the British Museum, panorama of 2x5 segments. Taken with a Canon 5D and 24-105mm f/4L IS lens

A cylindrical projection panorama from multiple images stitched together using PTgui.

360 degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch

References

^ Bernard Comment (2004), Panorama, Reaktion Books, page 214
^ Marty Olmstead (2002), Hidden Georgia, Ulysses Press, page 204
^ Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), Kosciuszko and Pulaski, Interpress, page 220

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Panoramics

English Journal

Panorama Ultrasound for Navigation and Guidance of Epidural Anesthesia.

Rafii-Tari H1, Lessoway VA2, Kamani AA3, Abolmaesumi P4, Rohling R5.
Ultrasound in medicine & biology.Ultrasound Med Biol.2015 Aug;41(8):2220-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.012. Epub 2015 May 8.
Despite the common use of epidural anesthesia in obstetrics and surgery, the procedure can be challenging, especially for obese patients. We propose the use of an ultrasound guidance system employing a transducer-mounted camera to create 3-D panorama ultrasound volumes of the spine, thereby allowing
PMID 25964065

Translational research for Parkinson׳s disease: The value of pre-clinical primate models.

Aron Badin R1, Vadori M2, Cozzi E3, Hantraye P1.
European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2015 Jul 15;759:118-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.038. Epub 2015 Apr 2.
Animal models have been highly questioned for their ability to predict the efficacy of different therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. The increasing number of phase I/II clinical trials that fail to proceed to further stages of drug development has discredited the pertinence of suc
PMID 25841877

Contrasting effects of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activation on seizure activity in acute versus chronic models.

Funck VR1, Ribeiro LR1, Pereira LM1, de Oliveira CV1, Grigoletto J1, Della-Pace ID2, Fighera MR3, Royes LF3, Furian AF1, Larrick JW4, Oliveira MS5.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Jul 9;298:171-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.031. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
Epilepsy is a life-shortening brain disorder affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. Most epilepsy patients are refractory to currently available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying seizure activity and probing for new AEDs is fundamental to the disc
PMID 25907445

In silico evaluation of human small heat shock protein HSP27: Homology modeling, mutation analyses and docking studies.

Fossa P1, Cichero E2.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.Bioorg Med Chem.2015 Jul 1;23(13):3215-20. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.070. Epub 2015 May 1.
Small heat-shock proteins, possessing chaperone-like activity, represented crucial proteins actively involved in maintain protein homeostasis, which act to prevent improper polypeptide aggregation and deposition of misfolded proteins. In this context, a number of mutations concerning the HspB1 prote
PMID 25999205

Japanese Journal

The panorama of artisanal fisheries of the Araguaia River, Brazil

Zacarkim Carlos Eduardo,Piana Pitagoras Augusto,Baumgartner Gilmar [他]
Fisheries science 81(3), 409-416, 2015-05
NAID 40020472963

MICROSCOPIC IMAGE MOSAICING BASED ON SIFT FEATURES MATCHING

HUO CHUNBAO,TONG SHUAI,ZHAO LIHUI [他]
ICIC express letters. Part B, Applications : an international journal of research and surveys 6(5), 1281-1286, 2015-05
NAID 40020355575

川とわがまち市町村長リレーインタビュー二つのアルプスが美しいふるさと : パノラマ伊那市白鳥孝(しらとりたかし) 長野県伊那市長に聞く

白鳥孝,中谷洋明
河川 71(4), 54-58, 2015-04
NAID 40020471481

東日本大震災の震災遺構パノラマ教材の作成

鵜川義弘,福地彩,桜井理裕
宮城教育大学環境教育研究紀要 17, 1-4, 2015-03
NAID 40020458280

Related Pictures

[0] Bernard Comment (2004), Panorama, Reaktion Books, page 214

[1] Marty Olmstead (2002), Hidden Georgia, Ulysses Press, page 204

[2] Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), Kosciuszko and Pulaski, Interpress, page 220

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