WordNet

a mouth or mouthlike opening

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/18 19:45:10」(JST)

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The facial skeleton, splanchnocranium or viscerocranium consists of a part of the skull that is derived from branchial arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower skull. The other, dorsal part of the skull is the neurocranium.

Human facial bones [edit]

For the human skull, most sources include at least these fourteen bones in their lists of facial bones:^[1]^[2]

Inferior nasal concha (2)
Lacrimal bones (2)
Mandible
Maxilla (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Vomer
Zygomatic bones (2)

Variations [edit]

The hyoid bone is sometimes included, and sometimes excluded. The ethmoid bone (or a part of it) is sometimes included, but otherwise considered part of the neurocranium; the same is the case with the sphenoid bone. Some sources describe the maxilla's left and right parts as two bones. Likewise, the palatine bone is also sometimes described as two bones.

Anatomical textbooks differ in what bones they include in their enumerations of the bones of the facial skeleton. Some textbooks make a strict distinction between bones of the neurocranium and viscerocranium, primarily based on the respective bones' embryological origins. Other textbooks are more lenient, maybe in an effort to provide more context or be more comprehensive, and tend to include all the bones that can be seen in a frontal aspect of the human skull in their enumerations of the facial bones; consequently they include bones such as the frontal bone, etc. in their lists, as is also evident in the illustrations on this page.^[3]

More images with facial bones [edit]

Child viscerocranium.
Skulls with resistances structures

Embryonic origins [edit]

The splanchnocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium or, teeth and adrenal medulla) or from scleratone found in the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossification. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. In mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the middle ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes.

References [edit]

^ Skeletal System / Divisions of the Skeleton
^ facial+bone - Definition from Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
^ Obviously such differences will affect the total bone count of the facial skeleton, but it should be kept in mind that these are only differences in how to classify and/or describe the anatomy of the skull, and that regardless of what classification/description is preferred, the anatomy remains the same. NB: Students of human anatomy are well advised to determine which classification is taught by their lecturers, as deviations from their examiners' preferred classifications may well be deemed incorrect.

External links [edit]

ent/9 at eMedicine - "Facial Bone Anatomy"

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English Journal

Facial asymmetry: a case report of localized linear scleroderma patient with muscular strain and spasm.

Kim JH1, Lee SC1, Kim CH1, Kim BJ1.
Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery.Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg.2015 Sep 16;37(1):29. eCollection 2015.
Facial asymmetry is found in patients with or without cosmetic facial alterations. Some patients have facial asymmetry that manifests underlying skeletal problems, while others have only limited soft-tissue facial asymmetry. Orthognathic surgery brings about a dermatic change, as soft tissue covers
PMID 26413496

Comparison of clinically suspected injuries with injuries detected at whole-body CT in suspected multi-trauma victims.

Shannon L1, Peachey T1, Skipper N1, Adiotomre E1, Chopra A1, Marappan B1, Kotnis N2.
Clinical radiology.Clin Radiol.2015 Nov;70(11):1205-11. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.06.084. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
AIM: To assess the accuracy of the trauma team leader's clinical suspicion of injury in patients who have undergone whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) for suspected polytrauma, and to assess the frequency of unsuspected injuries and specific patterns of injury at WBCT.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Reque
PMID 26208991

Endoscopic assisted cochlear implants in ear malformations.

Marchioni D1, Soloperto D, Guarnaccia MC, Genovese E, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Presutti L.
European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2015 Oct;272(10):2643-52. doi: 10.1007/s00405-014-3214-0. Epub 2014 Aug 2.
The aim of present study is to describe the use of the endoscopic assisted cochlear implant approach in cases with severely malformed temporal bones and with anomalous anatomy of the inner ear and tympanic cavity. Eight patients with malformed middle and inner ear and bilateral profound hearing loss
PMID 25085636