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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/03/04 19:15:47」(JST)
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Osmolytes are compounds affecting osmosis.[1] They are soluble in the solution within a cell, or in the surrounding fluid, e.g. as plasma osmolytes. They play a role in maintaining cell volume and fluid balance. For example, when a cell swells due to external osmotic pressure, membrane channels open and allow efflux of osmolytes which carry water with them, restoring normal cell volume.[2]
Natural osmolytes that can act as osmoprotectants include trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, trimethylglycine, sarcosine, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine, myo-inositol, taurine and others.[3] In humans, osmolytes are of particular importance in the renal medulla.[4]
References
- ^ everythingbio.com
- ^ Review of Medical Physiology, William F. Ganong, McGraw-Hill Medical, ISBN 978-0-07-144040-0.
- ^ Neuhofer, W.; Beck, F. X. (2006). "Survival in Hostile Environments: Strategies of Renal Medullary Cells". Physiology 21 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1152/physiol.00003.2006. PMID 16714475. edit
- ^ Gallazzini, M.; Burg, M. B. (2009). "What's New About Osmotic Regulation of Glycerophosphocholine". Physiology 24 (4): 245–249. doi:10.1152/physiol.00009.2009. PMC 2943332. PMID 19675355. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943332/. edit
Further reading
- Rose GD, Fleming PJ, Banavar JR, Maritan A (November 2006). "A backbone-based theory of protein folding". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (45): 16623–33. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10316623R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606843103. PMC 1636505. PMID 17075053. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17075053.
- Yancey PH (August 2005). "Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses". J. Exp. Biol. 208 (Pt 15): 2819–30. doi:10.1242/jeb.01730. PMID 16043587. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16043587.
- Holthauzen LM, Bolen DW (February 2007). "Mixed osmolytes: the degree to which one osmolyte affects the protein stabilizing ability of another". Protein Sci. 16 (2): 293–8. doi:10.1110/ps.062610407. PMC 2203298. PMID 17189473. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2203298/.
- Harries, Daniel; Rösgen, Jörg (2008). "A Practical Guide on How Osmolytes Modulate Macromolecular Properties". Meth. Cell Bio. 84: 679–735. doi:10.1016/S0091-679X(07)84022-2.
- Hochachka, P.W.; Somero, G. N (2002). Biochemical Adaptation. Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Dual effect of arginine on aggregation of phosphorylase kinase.
- Eronina TB1, Chebotareva NA2, Sluchanko NN2, Mikhaylova VV2, Makeeva VF2, Roman SG2, Kleymenov SY3, Kurganov BI4.
- International journal of biological macromolecules.Int J Biol Macromol.2014 Jul;68:225-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.056. Epub 2014 May 9.
- Arginine is widely used in biotechnology as a folding enhancer and aggregation suppressor. However, its action on the stability of complexly organized oligomeric proteins, on the one hand, and its role in the formation of supramolecular structures, on the other hand, are poorly known. The investigat
- PMID 24814653
- Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing osmolyte glycine betaine synthesizing enzymes from halophilic methanogen promote tolerance to drought and salt stress.
- Lai SJ1, Lai MC, Lee RJ, Chen YH, Yen HE.
- Plant molecular biology.Plant Mol Biol.2014 Jul;85(4-5):429-41. doi: 10.1007/s11103-014-0195-8. Epub 2014 May 7.
- Glycine betaine (betaine) has the highest cellular osmoprotective efficiency which does not accumulate in most glycophytes. The biosynthetic pathway for betaine in higher plants is derived from the oxidation of low-accumulating metabolite choline that limiting the ability of most plants to produce b
- PMID 24803410
- Evolved Osmotolerant Escherichia coli Mutants Frequently Exhibit Defective N-Acetylglucosamine Catabolism and Point Mutations in Cell Shape-Regulating Protein MreB.
- Winkler JD1, Garcia C2, Olson M1, Callaway E3, Kao KC4.
- Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2014 Jun 15;80(12):3729-40. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00499-14. Epub 2014 Apr 11.
- Biocatalyst robustness toward stresses imposed during fermentation is important for efficient bio-based production. Osmotic stress, imposed by high osmolyte concentrations or dense populations, can significantly impact growth and productivity. In order to better understand the osmotic stress toleran
- PMID 24727267
Japanese Journal
- Interplay of adaptive capabilities of Halomonas sp. AAD12 under salt stress(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)
- Ceylan Selim,Yilan Gulsah,Akbulut Berna Sariyar,Poli Annarita,Kazan Dilek
- Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(1), 45-52, 2012-07
- … AAD12 was studied through analysis of changes in its proteome maps and osmolyte accumulation strategy to understand how this euryhaline microorganism masters osmotic stress of saline environments. … The major osmolyte at high salinity was proline. …
- NAID 110009479363
- Cloning and Analysis of the ggpS Gene from Cyanobacteria Arthrospira spp. Involved in the Synthesis of an Osmolyte Glucosylglycerol
- YOSHIKAWA TAKESHI,IKEDA YUICHI,SAKATA TAIZO,MAEDA HIROTO
- Biocontrol science 16(2), 55-61, 2011-06-10
- … Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of <I>ggpS</I>, which encodes an osmolyte glucosylglycerol-phosphate synthase (GgpS), showed that the cyanobacterial strains possess a GgpS-based osmoprotective mechanism, except for <I>Synechococcus</I> …
- NAID 10029002066
Related Links
- osmolyte Any compound that protects cells from desiccation by maintaining a high intracellular osmolality (osmotic concentration). Osmolytes are active in the process of osmoregulation and are of particular use in the kidneys, where ...
- Second, under long-term water stress, organic osmolytes replace ions for volume regulation, while stress proteins decline (Fig. 2). Such osmolyte use is widespread, from some Archaea to mammalian tissues such as kidney and ...
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