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In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the seven lattice point groups. Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors, resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base (a by b) and height (c), such that a, b, and c are distinct. All three bases intersect at 90° angles. The three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal.

Bravais lattices

There are four orthorhombic Bravais lattices: simple orthorhombic, body-centered orthorhombic, base-centered orthorhombic, and face-centered orthorhombic.

Orthorhombic Bravais lattices
Name	Primitive (P)	Body-centered (I)	Base-centered (A, B or C)	Face-centered (F)
Pearson symbol	oP	oI	oS	oF
Unit cell

Crystal classes

The orthorhombic crystal system class names, examples, Schönflies notation, Hermann-Mauguin notation, point groups, International Tables for Crystallography space group number,^[1] orbifold notation, type, and space groups are listed in the table below.

#	Point group					Type (Example)	Space groups
#	Name	Schön.	Intl	Orb.	Cox.	Type (Example)	Space groups
16-24	sphenoidal ^[2]	D₂	222	222	[2,2]⁺	enantiomorphic (epsomite)	P222, P222₁, P2₁2₁2, P2₁2₁2₁ C222₁, C222 F222 I222, I2₁2₁2₁
25-46	pyramidal ^[2]	C_2v	mm2	*22	[2]	polar (hemimorphite, bertrandite)	Pmm2, Pmc2₁, Pcc2, Pma2, Pca2₁, Pnc2, Pmn2₁, Pba2, Pna2₁, Pnn2 Cmm2, Cmc2₁, Ccc2 Amm2, Aem2, Ama2, Aea2 Fmm2, Fdd2 Imm2, Iba2, Ima2
47-74	bipyramidal ^[2]	D_2h	mmm	*222	[2,2]	centrosymmetric (olivine, aragonite, marcasite)	Pmmm, Pnnn, Pccm, Pban, Pmma, Pnna, Pmna, Pcca, Pbam, Pccn, Pbcm, Pnnm, Pmmn, Pbcn, Pbca, Pnma Cmcm, Cmca, Cmmm, Cccm, Cmme, Ccce Fmmm, Fddd Immm, Ibam, Ibca, Imma

References

Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). pp. 69 – 73. ISBN 0-471-80580-7.

^ Prince, E., ed. (2006). International Tables for Crystallography. International Union of Crystallography. doi:10.1107/97809553602060000001. ISBN 978-1-4020-4969-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The 32 crystal classes". Retrieved 2009-07-08.

English Journal

Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity in yellow and black orthorhombic NaTaO3 nanocubes by surface modification and simultaneous N/Ta(4+) co-doping.

Zhou Y1, Wang Y2, Wen T1, Chang B1, Guo Y1, Lin Z3, Yang B1.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2016 Jan 1;461:185-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.09.030. Epub 2015 Sep 11.
Perovskite-type NaTaO3 as a wide band semiconductor shows good catalytic activity under UV light irradiation. In this work, chemical manipulation methods including surface modification and elemental doping have been adopted to improve the catalytic activity of NaTaO3 nanocubes for visible-light-driv
PMID 26397927

The biomaterials challenge: A comparison of polyethylene wear using a hip joint simulator.

Affatato S1, Freccero N2, Taddei P3.
Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.J Mech Behav Biomed Mater.2016 Jan;53:40-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Aug 12.
Although hip arthroplasty is an established procedure that relieves pain and improves functions, problems remain with wear and osteolysis. Highly cross-linked polyethylene and Vitamin-E-stabilized polyethylene were introduced in the last years to solve these problems. In this study we compared the i
PMID 26301318

Enhancement of the antimicrobial properties of orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide by thermal induced fracturing of the hydrates.

Shafaei S1, Van Opdenbosch D1, Fey T2, Koch M3, Kraus T3, Guggenbichler JP4, Zollfrank C5.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016 Jan 1;58:1064-70. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.069. Epub 2015 Sep 18.
The oxides of the transition metal molybdenum exhibit excellent antimicrobial properties. We present the preparation of molybdenum trioxide dihydrate (MoO3×2H2O) by an acidification method and demonstrate the thermal phase development and morphological evolution during and after calcination from 25
PMID 26478404

Japanese Journal

Study on the effect of heat treatment conditions on metalorganic-chemical-vapor-deposited ferroelectric Hf

Shimizu Takao,Yokouchi Tatsuhiko,Shiraishi Takahisa,Oikawa Takahiro,Krishnan P.,Funakubo Hioshi
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53(9S), 09PA04, 2014-09-03
… Superior ferroelectric properties a significant volume fraction of orthorhombic phase were achieved for intermediate heat treatment conditions. …
NAID 150000109750

Effects of deposition temperature on characteristics of ferroelectric Sr

Kobune Masafumi,Ueshima Satoshi,Kaneko Yusaku,Kugimiya Takuya,Kuriyama Tomoyuki,Kikuchi Takeyuki,Fujisawa Hironori,Nakashima Seiji,Shimizu Masaru,Fukumuro Naoki,Matsuda Hitoshi
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53(9S), 09PA02, 2014-09-03
… SBTO films deposited at 625–700 °C had a mostly single-phase orthorhombic structure, with a high degree of a- and b-axis orientations [α<inf>(</inf><inf>h</inf><inf>00)/(0</inf><inf>k</inf><inf>0)</inf>] of 99.0–99.8%. …
NAID 150000109747

Effects of NiO addition on (K,Na,Li)NbO

Sakai Yuichi,Futakuchi Tomoaki,Karaki Tomoaki,Adachi Masatoshi
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53(9S), 09PB07, 2014-09-03
… The ceramics with CuO exhibited the coexisting orthorhombic and tetragonal phases. …
NAID 150000109744