oral cholera vaccine

経口コレラワクチン、コレラ経口ワクチン

WordNet

1. of or relating to or affecting or for use in the mouth; "oral hygiene"; "an oral thermometer"; "an oral vaccine"
2. an examination conducted by spoken communication (同)oral exam, oral_examination, viva voce, viva
3. using speech rather than writing; "an oral tradition"; "an oral agreement" (同)unwritten
4. a stage in psychosexual development when the childs interest is concentrated in the mouth; fixation at this stage is said to result in dependence, selfishness, and aggression
5. of or involving the mouth or mouth region or the surface on which the mouth is located; "the oral cavity"; "the oral mucous membrane"; "the oral surface of a starfish"
6. immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies (同)vaccinum
7. an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food (同)Asiatic cholera, Indian cholera, epidemic cholera

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『口頭の』,口述の(spoken) / 口の,口部の / 経口の
2. 牛痘種,痘苗(牛痘を起こすビールスで,天然痘予防のために人体に接種される) / (伝染病の病原菌から作った)ワクチン
3. 《選択を表し,語句・節を結んで》《肯定文・疑問文で》・・・『または』・・・,・・・か・・・ / 《否定文で》・・・も・・・もない / 《命令的表現の後で》『さもないと』 / 《前出の語を言い換えたり説明したりして》『すなわち』,言い換えれば
4. コレラ
5. 《まれ》かんしゃく,怒気

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/20 23:57:38」(JST)

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Cholera vaccine

Vaccine description
Target disease	Cholera
Type	Killed/Inactivated
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy cat.	US: C
Legal status	?
Identifiers
CAS number	Y
ATC code	J07AE01 J07AE02
N (what is this?)  (verify)

Cholera vaccine is a vaccine used against cholera. The first vaccines used against cholera were developed in the late nineteenth century. These injected whole cell vaccines became increasingly popular until they were replaced by oral vaccines starting in the 1980s. Both oral and injectable forms are about 50-60% effective in the first year.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.

Medical use

Oral cholera vaccines are increasingly used as an additional tool to control cholera outbreaks in combination with the traditional interventions to improve safe water supply, sanitation, handwashing and other means to improve hygiene. Since licensure of Dukoral and Shanchol, over a million doses of these vaccines have been deployed in various mass oral cholera campaigns around the world. In addition, Vietnam incorporates oral cholera vaccination in its public health programme and over 9 million doses have been administered through targeted mass vaccination or immunization of school-aged children in cholera endemic regions.

The cholera vaccine is largely used by backpackers and persons visiting locations where there is a high risk of cholera infection. However, since it does not provide 100% immunity from the disease, food hygiene precautions should also be taken into consideration when visiting an area where there is a high risk of becoming infected with cholera. Although the protection observed has been described as "moderate", herd immunity can multiply the effectiveness of vaccination. Dukoral has been licensed for children 2 years of age and older, Shanchol for children 1 year of age and older. The administration of the vaccine to adults confers additional indirect protection (herd immunity) to children.

The WHO recommends both preventive and reactive use of the vaccine, making the following key statements:

"WHO recommends that current available cholera vaccines be used as complements to traditional control and preventive measures in areas where the disease is endemic and should be considered in areas at risk for outbreaks. Vaccination should not disrupt the provision of other high priority health interventions to control or prevent cholera outbreaks.... Reactive vaccination might be considered in view of limiting the extent of large prolonged outbreaks, provided the local infrastructure allows it, and an in-depth analysis of past cholera data and identification of a defined target area have been performed."

The WHO has now established a revolving stockpile of 2 million OCV doses. The plan is increase the size of this stockpile over the coming years with financial support of the GAVI Alliance.

Effectiveness

Oral

Oral vaccines provide protection in 52% of cases the first year following vaccination and in 62% of cases the second year. There are two variants of the oral vaccine currently in use: WC-rBS and BivWC. WC-rBS (marketed as "Dukoral") is a monovalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 plus additional recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. BivWC (marketed as "Shanchol" and "mORCVAX") is a bivalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139. mORCVAX is only available in Vietnam.

Bacterial strains of both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes and of El Tor and Classical biotypes are included in the vaccine. Dukoral is taken orally with bicarbonate buffer, which protects the antigens from the gastric acid. The vaccine acts by inducing antibodies against both the bacterial components and CTB. The antibacterial intestinal antibodies prevent the bacteria from attaching to the intestinal wall thereby impeding colonisation of V. cholerae O1. The anti-toxin intestinal antibodies prevent the cholera toxin from binding to the intestinal mucosal surface thereby preventing the toxin-mediated diarrhoeal symptoms.

Injectable

Although no longer in use, the injected cholera vaccines are effective for people living where cholera is endemic. They offer significant degrees of protection for up to two years after a single shot, and for three to four years with annual booster. They reduce the risk of death from cholera by 50% in the first year after vaccination.

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. コレラ菌の概要 overview of cholera
• 2. 旅行者のための予防接種 immunizations for travel
• 3. 旅行者下痢症：微生物学、疫学、および予防 travelers diarrhea microbiology epidemiology and prevention
• 4. 造血細胞移植の候補者およびレシピエントにおける予防接種 immunizations in hematopoietic cell transplant candidates and recipients
• 5. 資源の限られた国での急性下痢の小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with acute diarrhea in resource limited countries

English Journal

• Immunological features and efficacy of the reconstructed epitope vaccine CtUBE against Helicobacter pylori infection in BALB/c mice model.

• Guo L, Liu K, Zhao W, Li X, Li T, Tang F, Zhang R, Wu W, Xi T.SourceSchool of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China, XHLYGLT@163.com.
• Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2012 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
• Urease is an essential virulence factor and colonization factor for Helicobacter pylori, of which the urease B subunit (UreB) is considered as an excellent vaccine candidate antigen. In previous study, an epitope vaccine with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and an epitope (UreB(321-339)) named CtUBE w
• PMID 23064457

• Costs of illness due to cholera, costs of immunization and cost-effectiveness of an oral cholera mass vaccination campaign in zanzibar.

• Schaetti C, Weiss MG, Ali SM, Chaignat CL, Khatib AM, Reyburn R, Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Hutubessy R.SourceDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
• PLoS neglected tropical diseases.PLoS Negl Trop Dis.2012 Oct;6(10):e1844. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001844. Epub 2012 Oct 4.
• BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) as a supplementary tool to conventional prevention of cholera. Dukoral, a killed whole-cell two-dose OCV, was used in a mass vaccination campaign in 2009 in Zanzibar. Public and private costs of illness (COI) due
• PMID 23056660

Japanese Journal

• 乳酸菌によるコレラ毒素Bサブユニットの発現・分泌とその応用

• 奥野 隆啓
• 福岡大学薬学集報 14(0), 19-24, 2014-03
• NAID 110009691543

• Expression and Secretion of Cholera Toxin B Subunit in Lactobacilli

• Okuno Takahiro,Kashige Nobuhiro,Satho Tomomitsu [他],Irie Keiichi,Hiramatsu Yukihiro,Sharmin Tanjina,Fukumitsu Yuki,Uyeda Saori,Yamada Seitaro,Harakuni Tetsuya,Miyata Takeshi,Arakawa Takeshi,Imoto Masumi,Toda Akihisa,Nakashima Yukihiko,Miake Fumio
• Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(6), 952-958, 2013
• … There has been a great deal of research into vaccine development using LAB as carriers due to their "generally recognized as safe" status. … Cholera is an infectious disease that causes diarrhea due to cholera toxin (CT) produced by Vibrio cholerae. … The pentameric cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit has no toxicity, and is used as an antigen in cholera vaccines and as a delivery molecule in vaccines to various diseases. …
• NAID 130003361440

• コレラトキシン経皮免疫による粘膜免疫応答

• 永野 広海,牧瀬 高穂,馬越 端夫,黒野 祐一
• 口腔・咽頭科 = Stomato-pharyngology 25(1), 79-84, 2012-03-31
• 背景: 近年, メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌や多剤耐性緑膿菌などの薬剤耐性菌が蔓延や, 高病原性鳥インフルエンザの広域感染など, その予防と医療経済の観点からもワクチンの開発は急務である.方法: BALB/cマウスを使用して, コントロール群, 直接塗布群, マイクロニードル群で, コレラトキシン (CT) 2μgを用いて経皮刺激した. 血清CT特異的IgM, IgG, IgA, IgGサブクラス …
• NAID 10030552707

Related Links

• ORAL CHOLERA VACCINE:

Efforts to accelerate the global use of new generation cholera vaccines gained significant momentum with the licensure of a new oral cholera vaccine, Shanchol ... IVI scientists developed this vaccine, with funding from the Bill ...

• Dukoral (cholera vaccine) - NetDoctor.co.uk - The UK's ...

Dukoral oral cholera vaccine contains a mixture of inactivated Vibrio cholerae bacteria (the bacteria that cause cholera) and a non-toxic component of the toxin that these bacteria produce. It works by stimulating the body's immune ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「コレラ経口ワクチン」「経口コレラワクチン」
関連記事	「oral」

「コレラ経口ワクチン」

　　[★]

英

oral cholera vaccine

関

経口コレラワクチン

「経口コレラワクチン」

　　[★]

英

oral cholera vaccine

関

コレラ経口ワクチン

「oral」

　　[★]

• adj,

• 経口の、経口用の

⇔parenteral

関

orally、p.o.、per os、peroral、perorally