occupant

　

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1. (ある家・土地などの)居住者,占有者《+『of』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/21 22:05:11」(JST)

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"Occupant" redirects here. For the 2011 film, see Occupant (film).

Occupancy in building construction and building codes is the use or intended use of a building or part thereof for the shelter or support of persons, animals or property.^{[citation needed]} A closely related meaning is the number of units in such a building that are rented or leased, or otherwise in-use. The lack of occupancy in this sense is a vacancy.

Building code

It is possible to have multiple occupancies (or building uses) within one building. For instance, one may have a high-rise building, where the lower levels are occupied by retail stores, whereas the upper levels could be residential. Different occupancies within one building are separated by a fire barrier with a defined fire-resistance rating. It is common for a penetration, such as a fire door, to have a fire protection rating lower than the wall fire resistance rating in which it is installed. For example, a two-hour fire separation normally requires fire doors rated at 90-minutes. Also see Template:Building code

For some high challenge occupancies the code requirements for an occupancy separation are more stringent than for other fire-barriers, even with an identical fire-resistance rating. In this case, an occupancy separation with a two-hour fire-resistance rating may not be able to de-rate its closures, such fire doors or firestops. For example, a two-hour rated high challenge fire wall requires 2 hr rated fire doors.

Firestops in occupancy separations are also more likely to be required not only an equal fire protection rating (a fire-resistance rating for closures) but must also provide a temperature rating, such that the components of the firestop systems, including the penetrants, are not permitted to rise in temperature above 140°C (284°F) on average or 180°C (356°F) on any single point, so as to lower the likelihood of auto-ignition on the unexposed side. In this manner, occupancy separations are treated similarly to fire walls, which are structurally stable in case of a fire, limiting fire-induced building collapse.

In this sense, there are two occupancies in most single-family homes: the garage and the living space of the home. Because automobile gasoline or petrol is flammable, an occupancy separation is often required between the two, should there be a vehicle fire. Water heaters and central heating are often placed in this space as well, for their use of natural gas, propane, or other fossil fuels in combustion. This also helps to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.

Building utilization

The interior of a vacant building showing signs of vandalism and decay

Occupancy can also refer to the number of units in use, such as hotel rooms, apartment flats, or offices. When a motel is at full (100%) occupancy, a NO VACANCY neon sign is often turned on (though the sign often still says VACANCY at other times). Office buildings and apartments in particular aim for full occupancy, but if too many are built in an area this is often not the case. Completely vacant buildings can also attract crime, and are eventually targeted for redevelopment or at least renovation.

Occupancy can also mean the number of persons using an undivided space, such as a meeting room, ballroom, auditorium, or stadium. As with building codes, fire-protection authorities often set a limit on the number of people that can occupy a space, primarily because they must be able to leave the building through the available number of exits in a reasonable amount of time, without tripping or trampling each other in a panicked stampede, possibly blinded by smoke. The integrity of a structure may also be at stake, because too many people will put excessive weight and other forces, leading in some cases to a collapse.

An occupancy sensor is a device that can tell if someone is in a room, and is often used in home automation and security systems. These are typically more advanced than motion sensors, which can only detect motion.

Other meanings

In transport engineering, occupancy can refer to:

1. The number of passengers occupying a vehicle.
2. The percentage of time in which a detector is occupied by a vehicle.
3. The average number of particles occupying a state.

See also

• Building code
• Construction
• Fire protection
• Fire-resistance rating
• Fireproofing
• Firestop
• List of human habitation forms
• Passive fire protection
• Penetrant

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Robust human body model injury prediction in simulated side impact crashes.

• Golman AJ1,2, Danelson KA1,2, Stitzel JD1,2.
• Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2016 May;19(7):717-32. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2015.1056523. Epub 2015 Jul 9.
• This study developed a parametric methodology to robustly predict occupant injuries sustained in real-world crashes using a finite element (FE) human body model (HBM). One hundred and twenty near-side impact motor vehicle crashes were simulated over a range of parameters using a Toyota RAV4 (bullet
• PMID 26158552

• Paired vehicle occupant analysis indicates age and crash severity moderate likelihood of higher severity injury in second row seated adults in frontal crashes.

• Atkinson T1, Gawarecki L2, Tavakoli M2.
• Accident; analysis and prevention.Accid Anal Prev.2016 Feb 1;89:88-94. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.01.009. [Epub ahead of print]
• The majority of advances in occupant protection systems for motor vehicle occupants have focused on occupants seated in the front row of the vehicle. Recent studies suggest that these systems have resulted in lower injury risk for front row occupants as compared to those in the second row. However,
• PMID 26845058

• Thermal comfort in air-conditioned buildings in hot and humid climates - why are we not getting it right?

• Sekhar SC1.
• Indoor air.Indoor Air.2016 Feb;26(1):138-52. doi: 10.1111/ina.12184. Epub 2015 Jan 27.
• While there are plenty of anecdotal experiences of overcooled buildings in summer, evidence from field studies suggests that there is indeed an issue of overcooling in tropical buildings. The findings suggest that overcooled buildings are not a consequence of occupant preference but more like an out
• PMID 25626476

Japanese Journal

• 乗員保護装置の進化 (特集 進化し続ける自動車の安全性能)

• 阿藤 忠之
• 日本機械学会誌 118(1157), 188-191, 2015-04
• NAID 40020437089

• Control system for semi-active in-car crib with joint application of regular and inverted pendulum mechanisms

• KAWASHIMA Takeshi
• Mechanical Engineering Journal 2(3), 14-00557-14-00557, 2015
• To reduce the collision shock and injury risk to an infant in an in-car crib (or in a child safety bed) during a car crash, it is necessary to keep the force acting on the crib constant and below a ce …
• NAID 130005076448

• フルラップ前面衝突試験及びオフセット前面衝突試験に関する調査

• 高木 俊介,若林 朝人,松井 靖浩
• 日本機械学会論文集 81(825), 14-00414-14-00414, 2015
• Approximately a third of the traffic accident fatalities in Japan are caused as a result of accidents while a person is in a vehicle. Collision from the frontal direction accounts for 53 percent, a mu …
• NAID 130005073748

Related Links

• Occupant (2011) - IMDb

Directed by Henry Miller. With Van Hansis, Cody Horn, Thorsten Kaye, Jamie Harrold. 25 year old Danny Hill's grandmother just died giving Danny the chance to move into her enormous rent controlled apartment in Manhattan...

Related Pictures