obnoxious

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有害な / 非常に不愉快な,いやな

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/16 02:31:57」(JST)

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The Dispute by Eduard Kurzbauer

Annoyance is an unpleasant mental state that is characterized by such effects as irritation and distraction from one's conscious thinking. It can lead to emotions such as frustration and anger. The property of being easily annoyed is called irritability.

Psychology

Various reasons exist for why one finds particular stimuli annoying. Measurement of annoyance is highly subjective. As an attempt at measurement, psychological studies on annoyance often rely on their subjects' own ratings of levels of annoyance on a scale. Any kind of stimuli can cause annoyance, such as getting poked in the side or listening to a song repeatedly. Many stimuli that one is at first neutral to, or even finds pleasant, can turn into annoyances from repeated continued exposure. One can often encounter this phenomenon with such media as popular music, memes, commercials, and advertising jingles, which by their very nature are continually repeated over a period of weeks or months.

A study published in the International Journal of Conflict Management found that one's response to an annoyance, at least when the perceived cause is another person, escalate to more extreme levels as they go unresolved.^[1] It also found that one was more likely to blame the party who was causing the annoyance in the study, rather than one's self, for the annoyance as it escalated.

Psychological warfare can involve creating annoyances to distract and wear down the resistance of the target. For example, in 1993, the FBI played music "specifically selected for its irritation ability" on loudspeakers outside the Branch Davidian church in Waco, Texas in an attempt to bring about the surrender of David Koresh and his followers.^[2]

References

^ Dean G Pruitt, John C Parker, Joseph M Mikolic. "Escalation as a reaction to persistent annoyance.", International Journalists of Conflict Management. Bowling Green: July 1997, Vol 8, Issue 3; pg. 252
^ Mark Potok. "FBI grinds away at cult", USA Today, April 14, 1993, pg. 1A.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Annoy". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

English Journal

An evaluation of hospital admission respiratory disease attributed to sulfur dioxide ambient concentration in Ahvaz from 2011 through 2013.

Goudarzi G1,2, Geravandi S3,4, Idani E1,5, Hosseini SA6, Baneshi MM7, Yari AR8, Vosoughi M2, Dobaradaran S9,10, Shirali S11, Marzooni MB12, Ghomeishi A4,13, Alavi N14, Alavi SS15, Mohammadi MJ16,17,18,19.
Environmental science and pollution research international.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2016 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]
There is no doubt that air pollutants have adverse impacts on human health. The main objective of this study was to evaluate hospital admission respiratory disease (HARD) attributed to sulfur dioxide levels in Ahvaz during three successive years. Data was taken from Iranian Environmental Protection
PMID 27539470

Exposure to cypermethrin and mancozeb alters the expression profile of THBS1, SPP1, FEZ1 and GPNMB in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Mandarapu R1, Prakhya BM1,2.
Journal of immunotoxicology.J Immunotoxicol.2016 Jul;13(4):463-73. doi: 10.3109/1547691X.2015.1130088. Epub 2016 Jan 22.
The complex immune system displays a coordinated transcriptional response to xenobiotic exposure by altering expression of designated transcription factors that, in turn, trigger immune responses. Despite the identification of several transcription factors that contribute to regulatory response, ver
PMID 26796295

Emerging role of hydrogen sulfide-microRNA crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases.

Hackfort BT1, Mishra PK2.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2016 Apr 1;310(7):H802-12. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00660.2015. Epub 2016 Jan 22.
Despite an obnoxious smell and toxicity at a high dose, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as a cardioprotective gasotransmitter. H2S mitigates pathological cardiac remodeling by regulating several cellular processes including fibrosis, hypertrophy, apoptosis, and inflammation. These encouraging fin
PMID 26801305

Japanese Journal

競合する基準のもとでの迷惑施設配置問題

大角盛広,石井博昭
神戸学院大学経営学論集 5(1), 73-89, 2008-09
NAID 40016370815

迷惑施設の立地適性に関する数理的考察

片岡裕介,及川清昭,浅見泰司
都市計画. 別冊, 都市計画論文集 = City planning review. Special issue, Papers on city planning (39), 829-834, 2004-10-25
NAID 10014122504

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[1] Dean G Pruitt, John C Parker, Joseph M Mikolic. "Escalation as a reaction to persistent annoyance.", International Journalists of Conflict Management. Bowling Green: July 1997, Vol 8, Issue 3; pg. 252

[2] Mark Potok. "FBI grinds away at cult", USA Today, April 14, 1993, pg. 1A.

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