- 関
- sleeping
WordNet
- the suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate
- the state of being asleep
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/25 15:25:31」(JST)
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Illustration of sleep movements in
Medicago leaves, from: Charles Darwin (1880):
The Power of Movement in Plants.
Nyctinasty is the circadian rhythmic nastic movement of higher plants in response to the onset of darkness. Examples are the closing of the petals of a flower at dusk and the sleep movements of the leaves of many legumes. The earliest recorded observation of this behavior in plants dates back to 324 BC when Androsthenes, a companion to Alexander the Great, noted the opening and closing of tamarind tree leaves from day to night.[1]
Nyctinastic movements are associated with diurnal light and temperature changes and controlled by the circadian clock and the light receptor phytochrome. Plants use phytochrome to detect red and far red light. Depending on which kind of light is absorbed, the protein can switch between a Pr state that absorbs red light and a Pfr state that absorbs far red light. Red light converts Pr to Pfr and far red light converts Pfr to Pr. Many plants use phytochrome to establish circadian cycles which influence the opening and closing of leaves associated with nyctastic movements. Anatomically, the movements are mediated by pulvini. Pulvinus cells are located at the base or apex of the petiole and the flux of water from the dorsal to ventral motor cells regulates leaf closure. This flux is in response to movement of potassium ions between pulvinus and surrounding tissue. Movement of potassium ions is connected to the concentration of Pfr or Pr. In Albizzoa julibrissin longer darker periods, leading to low Pfr leads to a faster leaf opening.[2] In the SLEEPLESS mutation of Lotus japonicus, the pulvini are changed into petiole-like structures, rendering the plant incapable of closing its leaflets at night.[3]
Leaf movement is also controlled by bioactive substances known as leaf opening or leaf closing factors. Several leaf-opening and leaf-closing factors have been characterized biochemically.[4] These factors differ among plants. Leaf closure and opening is mediated by the relative concentrations of leaf opening and closing factors in a plant.[5] Either the leaf opeing or closing factor is a glycoside, which is inactivated by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond via beta glucosidase. In Lespedeza cuneata G. Don the leaf opening factor, potassium lespedezate is hydrolyzed to 4 hydroxy phenyl pyruvic acid.[6] In Phyllanthus urinaria L., leaf closing factor Phyllanthurinolactone is hydrolyzed to its aglycon during the day.[7] Beta glucosidase activity is regulated via circadian rhythms.
Fluorescence studies have shown that the binding sites of leaf opening and closing factors are located on the surface of the motor cell. Shrinking and expansion of the motor cell in response to this chemical signal allows for leaf opening and closure. The binding of leaf opening and closing factors is specific to related plants. The leaf movement factor of C. mimosoides was found to not bind to the motor cell of A. julibrissin.[8] The leaf movement factor of A. julibrissin similarly didn’t bind to the motor cell of C. mimosoides, but did bind to A. saman and A. lebbeck.[9]
The purpose of, and conferred benefits of nyctinastic movement have yet to be identified. Studies using mutant plants with a loss of function gene that results in petiole growth instead of pulvini found that these plants has less biomass and smaller leaf area than the wild type. This indicates nyctnastic movement may be beneficial toward plant growth.[10]
References
- ^ Otsuka, Kuniaki. Chronomics and Continuous Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Vascular Chronomics: From 7-Day/24-Hour to Lifelong Monitoring. Springer. pp. ix. ISBN 978-4431546306.
- ^ Satter, R. L.; Applewhite, P. B.; Galston, A. W. (1 October 1972). "Phytochrome-controlled Nyctinasty in Albizzia julibrissin: V. Evidence against Acetylcholine Participation". PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. 50 (4): 523–525. doi:10.1104/pp.50.4.523.
- ^ Kawaguchi M (2003). "SLEEPLESS, a gene conferring nyctinastic movement in legume". J. Plant Res. 116 (2): 151–154. doi:10.1007/s10265-003-0079-5. PMID 12736786.
- ^ Ueda M, Nakamura Y (2007). "Chemical basis of plant leaf movement". Plant Cell Physiol. 48 (7): 900–907. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm060. PMID 17566057.
- ^ Ohnuki, Takashi; Ueda, Minoru; Yamamura, Shosuke (October 1998). "Molecular mechanism of the control of nyctinastic leaf-movement in Lespedeza cuneata G. Don". Tetrahedron. 54 (40): 12173–12184. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00747-9.
- ^ Ueda, Minoru; Yamamura, Shosuke (17 April 2000). "Chemistry and Biology of Plant Leaf Movements". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 39 (8): 1400–1414. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000417)39:8<1400::AID-ANIE1400>3.0.CO;2-Z.
- ^ Ueda, Minoru; Asano, Miho; Sawai, Yoshiyuki; Yamamura, Shosuke (April 1999). "Leaf-movement factors of nyctinastic plant, Phyllanthus urinaria L.; the universal mechanism for the regulation of nyctinastic leaf-movement". Tetrahedron. 55 (18): 5781–5792. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(99)00236-7.
- ^ Sugimoto, Takanori; Wada, Yoko; Yamamura, Shosuke; Ueda, Minoru (December 2001). "Fluorescence study on the nyctinasty of Cassia mimosoides L. using novel fluorescence-labeled probe compounds". Tetrahedron. 57 (49): 9817–9825. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00999-1.
- ^ Lattanzio, Vincenzo; Escribano-Bailon, Maria Teresa; Santos-Buelga, Celestino (2010). Recent advances in polyphenol research. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405193993.
- ^ Zhou, Chuanen; Han, Lu; Fu, Chunxiang; Chai, Maofeng; Zhang, Wenzheng; Li, Guifen; Tang, Yuhong; Wang, Zeng-Yu (October 2012). "Identification and characterization of petiolule- like pulvinus mutants with abolished nyctinastic leaf movement in the model legume Medicago truncatula". New Phytologist. 196 (1): 92–100. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04268.x.
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Plant movements
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| Means |
- Differential cell growth
- Changes in turgor pressure
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| Tropisms (directional) |
- Chemotropism
- Gravitropism
- Hydrotropism
- Heliotropism
- Phototropism
- Thermotropism
- Thigmotropism
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| Nastic movements (non-directional) |
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English Journal
- Functional importance of the sugar moiety of jasmonic acid glucoside for bioactivity and target affinity.
- Ueda M1, Yang G, Nukadzuka Y, Ishimaru Y, Tamura S, Manabe Y.
- Organic & biomolecular chemistry.Org Biomol Chem.2015 Jan 7;13(1):55-8. doi: 10.1039/c4ob02106a.
- PMID 25350723
- Nitric-oxide inhibits nyctinastic closure through cGMP in Albizia lophantha leaflets.
- Bergareche C1, Moysset L2, Angelo AP2, Chellik S2, Simón E2.
- Journal of plant physiology.J Plant Physiol.2014 Sep 1;171(14):1299-305. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.009. Epub 2014 May 23.
- PMID 25014265
- Total synthesis of enantiopure potassium aeshynomate.
- Rizos SR1, Stefanakis JG, Kotoulas SS, Koumbis AE.
- The Journal of organic chemistry.J Org Chem.2014 Jul 18;79(14):6646-54. doi: 10.1021/jo5011735. Epub 2014 Jul 2.
- PMID 24967505
Japanese Journal
- 植物の就眠ならびに補虫運動の制御機構の化学的解明(学会賞,受賞業績)
- 上田 実
- 植物の生長調節 49(1), 1-9, 2014-05-30
- … Each of nyctinastic plants of five different genera so far examined contained a pair of factors, one of which induces leaf closure and another induces leaf opening. … The relative contents of the closing and opening factors changed correlating with the nyctinastic leaf movement. …
- NAID 110009815838
- 学会賞 植物の就眠ならびに補虫運動の制御機構の化学的解明
- 植物の就眠ならびに捕虫運動の制御機構の化学的解明(学会賞,植物化学調節学会第48回大会)
Related Links
- But flowers that close up at night, such as tulips, hibiscus, ... improving a nyctinastic plant's likelihood of successful reproduction.
- Nyctinastic Movements The leaves of many plants respond to the daily alternation between light and darkness by moving up and down. In these nyctinastic, or sleep ...
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