鼻孔、外鼻孔　　

WordNet

either one of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the nose (同)anterior naris
be smelled; have a strong odor

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鼻孔

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/27 10:56:36」(JST)

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A woman's nostrils

A nostril (or naris /ˈneɪrᵻs/, plural nares /ˈneɪriːz/) is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening. In birds and mammals, they contain branched bones or cartilages called turbinates, whose function is to warm air on inhalation and remove moisture on exhalation. Fish do not breathe through their noses, but they do have two small holes used for smelling, which may, indeed, be called nostrils.

The Procellariiformes are distinguished from other birds by having tubular extensions of their nostrils.

In humans, the nasal cycle is the normal ultradian cycle of each nostril's blood vessels becoming engorged in swelling, then shrinking.

The nostrils are separated by the septum. The septum can sometimes be deviated, causing one nostril to appear larger than the other. With extreme damage to the septum and columella, the two nostrils are no longer separated and form a single larger external opening.

Like other tetrapods, humans have two external nostrils (anterior nares) and two additional nostrils at the back of the nasal cavity, inside the head (posterior nares, posterior nasal apertures or choanae). Each choana contains approximately 1000 strands of nasal hair. They also connect the nose to the throat (the nasopharynx), aiding in respiration. Though all four nostrils were on the outside the head of our fish ancestors, the nostrils for outgoing water (excurrent nostrils) migrated to the inside of the mouth, as evidenced by the discovery of Kenichthys campbelli, a 395-million-year-old fossilized fish which shows this migration in progress. It has two nostrils between its front teeth, similar to human embryos at an early stage. If these fail to join up, the result is a cleft palate.^[1]

It is possible for humans to smell different olfactory inputs in the two nostrils and experience a perceptual rivalry akin to that of binocular rivalry when there are two different inputs to the two eyes.^[2]

References

^ Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (2008). The Book of General Ignorance. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 2, 299. ISBN 978-0-571-24139-2. OCLC 191753333. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
^ Zhou, Wen; Chen, Denise (29 September 2009). "Binaral rivalry between the nostrils and in the cortex". Current Biology. 19 (18): 1561–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.052. PMC 2901510 . PMID 19699095. Retrieved 1 May 2012.

External links

"nares" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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1. 鼻腔内異物の診断およびマネージメント diagnosis and management of intranasal foreign bodies
2. 職業性鼻炎 occupational rhinitis
3. 小児における滲出性（漿液性）中耳炎のマネージメント management of otitis media with effusion serous otitis media in children
4. 味覚および嗅覚障害の評価および治療 evaluation and treatment of taste and smell disorders
5. 小児における基本的な気道のマネージメント basic airway management in children

English Journal

Simultaneous correction of deviated columella and wide nostril floor using the Y-V advancement in unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities.

Kiya K1, Oyama T2, Taniguchi M2, Hosokawa K3.Author information 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe Children's Hospital, 1-1-1 Takakuradai Suma-Ku, Kobe, Japan. Electronic address: kiyapsurg@yahoo.co.jp.2Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe Children's Hospital, 1-1-1 Takakuradai Suma-Ku, Kobe, Japan.3Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-C11 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.AbstractHere, we describe an operative method for the simultaneous correction of deviated columella and wide nostril floor in unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. The V-shaped flap of the affected nostril floor was inserted into the side wall of the columella using the Y-V advancement. By suturing the anterocaudal septum, which is often deviated to the unaffected side, with the subcutaneous tissue of the affected alar base, it was possible to simultaneously reposition the columellar base in the midline as well as narrow the wide nostril floor. This method was technically simple, with low invasiveness for the septal cartilage. Furthermore, as noted in one of the two cases described, it would enable the reconstruction of the natural shape of the nostril sill.
Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS.J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.2014 May;67(5):721-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.12.006. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Here, we describe an operative method for the simultaneous correction of deviated columella and wide nostril floor in unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. The V-shaped flap of the affected nostril floor was inserted into the side wall of the columella using the Y-V advancement. By suturing the an
PMID 24389288

Direct cortical hemodynamic mapping of somatotopy of pig nostril sensation by functional near-infrared cortical imaging (fNCI).

Uga M1, Saito T2, Sano T3, Yokota H4, Oguro K4, Rizki EE4, Mizutani T3, Katura T5, Dan I6, Watanabe E7.Author information 1Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; Research and Development Initiatives/Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.2Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.3Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.4Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.5Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan.6Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; Research and Development Initiatives/Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan. Electronic address: dan@jichi.ac.jp.7Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.AbstractFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique for the noninvasive monitoring of human brain activation states utilizing the coupling between neural activity and regional cerebral hemodynamics. Illuminators and detectors, together constituting optodes, are placed on the scalp, but due to the presence of head tissues, an inter-optode distance of more than 2.5cm is necessary to detect cortical signals. Although direct cortical monitoring with fNIRS has been pursued, a high-resolution visualization of hemodynamic changes associated with sensory, motor and cognitive neural responses directly from the cortical surface has yet to be realized. To acquire robust information on the hemodynamics of the cortex, devoid of signal complications in transcranial measurement, we devised a functional near-infrared cortical imaging (fNCI) technique. Here we demonstrate the first direct functional measurement of temporal and spatial patterns of cortical hemodynamics using the fNCI technique. For fNCI, inter-optode distance was set at 5mm, and light leakage from illuminators was prevented by a special optode holder made of a light-shielding rubber sheet. fNCI successfully detected the somatotopy of pig nostril sensation, as assessed in comparison with concurrent and sequential somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) measurements on the same stimulation sites. Accordingly, the fNCI system realized a direct cortical hemodynamic measurement with a spatial resolution comparable to that of SEP mapping on the rostral region of the pig brain. This study provides an important initial step toward realizing functional cortical hemodynamic monitoring during neurosurgery of human brains.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 May 1;91:138-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.062. Epub 2014 Jan 11.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique for the noninvasive monitoring of human brain activation states utilizing the coupling between neural activity and regional cerebral hemodynamics. Illuminators and detectors, together constituting optodes, are placed on the sc
PMID 24418508

Analysis of Complications in Primary Cleft Lips and Palates Surgery.

Zhang Z1, Fang S, Zhang Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Li K, Zhao Y.Author information 1From the *Department of Stomatology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; †Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University; ‡Department of Burns Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; §Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; ∥Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California; and ¶Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Fourth General Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China.AbstractINTRODUCTION: A series of retrospectively recorded patients with cleft lip and palate was uniquely investigated to demonstrate and analyze the complications after cleft repairing operations in a selected Chinese population.
The Journal of craniofacial surgery.J Craniofac Surg.2014 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]
INTRODUCTION: A series of retrospectively recorded patients with cleft lip and palate was uniquely investigated to demonstrate and analyze the complications after cleft repairing operations in a selected Chinese population.MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2005 to January 2012, a selected group of
PMID 24717315

Japanese Journal

数値気道モデルの開発と気道内対流熱伝達・粒子拡散予測

Phuong Nguyen Lu,伊藤一秀
空気調和・衛生工学会論文集 (190), 31-39, 2013-01-05
人体と周辺物理環境との相互作用の解明と熱的快適性評価・健康影響予測を目指し,各種の人体生理モデルの開発研究が進められている.特に人体の熱収支に着目した場合,皮膚表面での対流・放射による顕熱・潜熱移動の他,呼吸に伴う顕熱・潜熱損失量を正確に評価することが重要であり,また,健康影響に着目した場合には呼吸器系統へ移流・拡散される汚染物質量の把握が重要となる.この点で,数値人体モデルとシームレスに統合可能 …
NAID 110009580243

顔面に生じたLinear BCCの1例

大橋苑子,爲政大幾,太田馨,岡本祐之
Skin Cancer 28(1), 16-19, 2013
症例は99歳，女性。10数年前に生じた左鼻翼付近の色素斑を主訴に受診。初診時，鼻背の両側にびらんと痂皮を伴う角化性紅斑を認めた。左側の紅斑は鼻翼側に10×6mmの不整形な青黒色腫瘤を伴い，ダーモスコピーでは微小潰瘍が混在した青灰色の類円形胞巣と樹枝状血管を認めた。また右内眼角下方から頬部にかけての皺に沿って，20×2mmの線状黒色斑を認め，ダーモスコピーでは出血を伴う青灰色小球構造を呈していた。生 …
NAID 130003378159

A Case of Epistaxis with Toxic Shock Syndrome

小林賀子,萩原晃,船戸宣利,井谷茂人,鈴木衞
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 106(2), 109-113, 2013
… A 50-year-old man was referred to our hospital with epistaxis from the right nostril. … His left nostril had been packed with several pieces of gauze for a long time. …
NAID 130003374009