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the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease (同)diagnostics

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/22 07:53:57」(JST)

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Nosology (from Ancient Greek νόσος (nosos), meaning "disease", and -λογία (-logia), meaning "study of-") is a branch of medicine that deals with classification of diseases.

Types of classification

Diseases may be classified by etiology (cause), pathogenesis (mechanism by which the disease is caused), or by symptom(s). Alternatively, diseases may be classified according to the organ system involved, though this is often complicated since many diseases affect more than one organ.

A chief difficulty in nosology is that diseases often cannot be defined and classified clearly, especially when etiology or pathogenesis are unknown. Thus diagnostic terms often only reflect a symptom or set of symptoms (syndrome).

History

The Ayurveda is a collection of early Indian works about medicine. In China the Huangdi Neijing is another ancient text. In the West, Hippocrates was one of the earliest writers on the subject of disease. The book of Leviticus also includes an early discussion of the treatment of skin diseases. See Metzora (parsha) In the 10th century the Arabian psychologist Najab ud-din Unhammad classified a nosology of nine major categories of mental disorders, which included 30 different mental illnesses in total. Some of the categories he described included obsessive-compulsive disorders, delusional disorders, degenerative diseases, involutional melancholia, and states of abnormal excitement.^[1]^{[verification needed]}

In the 18th century, the taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus, Francois Boissier de Sauvages, and psychiatrist Philippe Pinel developed an early classification of physical illnesses. Thomas Sydenham's work in the late 17th century might also be considered a nosology. In the 19th century, Emil Kraepelin and then Jacques Bertillon developed their own nosologies. Bertillon's work, classifying causes of death, was a precursor of the modern code system, the International Classification of Diseases.

The early nosological efforts grouped diseases by their symptoms, whereas modern systems (e.g. SNOMED) focus on grouping diseases by the anatomy and etiology involved.

Applications

Nosology is used extensively in public health, to allow epidemiological studies of public health issues. Analysis of death certificates requires nosological coding of causes of death.
Nosological classifications are used in medical administration, such as filing of health insurance claims, and patient records, among others

References

^ Millon, Theodore (2004), Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from Ancient Times to the New Millennium, John Wiley & Sons, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-471-46985-8

External links

Snider, G. L. (2003). "Nosology for Our Day". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 167 (5): 678. doi:10.1164/rccm.200203-204PP.
C. S. Herrman, The Bipolar Spectrum, SSRN (Social Science Research Network, 5 August 2010) [1]
International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization. [2]

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English Journal

Identification and validation of mixed anxiety-depression.

Hettema JM1, Aggen SH1, Kubarych TS1, Neale MC1, Kendler KS1.
Psychological medicine.Psychol Med.2015 Jun 8:1-10. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Mixed anxiety-depression (MAD) has been under scrutiny to determine its potential place in psychiatric nosology. The current study sought to investigate its prevalence, clinical characteristics, course and potential validators.METHOD: Restricted latent-class analyses were fit to 12-month
PMID 26050714

Autism beyond diagnostic categories: characterization of autistic phenotypes in schizophrenia.

Kästner A1, Begemann M2,3, Michel TM4, Everts S5, Stepniak B6, Bach C7, Poustka L8, Becker J9, Banaschewski T10, Dose M11, Ehrenreich H12,13.
BMC psychiatry.BMC Psychiatry.2015 May 13;15:115. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0494-x.
BACKGROUND: Behavioral phenotypical continua from health to disease suggest common underlying mechanisms with quantitative rather than qualitative differences. Until recently, autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia were considered distinct nosologic entities. However, emerging evidence contribu
PMID 25968177

Nosologic Comparisons of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.

Goldstein RB1, Chou SP1, Smith SM1, Jung J1, Zhang H1, Saha TD1, Pickering RP1, Ruan WJ1, Huang B1, Grant BF1.
Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs.J Stud Alcohol Drugs.2015 May;76(3):378-88.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine prevalences and concordances between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and Fifth Edition (DSM-5) substance use disorders (SUDs) in a newly completed U.S. epidemiologic survey.METHOD: The National Epidem
PMID 25978823