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In chemistry, an oligomer (ⁱ/əˈlɪɡəmər/^[1]) (oligo-, "a few" + -mer, "parts") is a molecular complex that consists of a few monomer units, in contrast to a polymer, where the number of monomers is, in principle, not limited.^[2] Dimers, trimers, and tetramers are, for instance, oligomers composed of two, three and four monomers, respectively.

In the context of biochemistry, an oligomer usually refers to a macromolecular complex formed by non-covalent bonding of a few macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. In this sense, a homo-oligomer would be formed by few identical molecules and by contrast, a hetero-oligomer would be made of more than one, different, macromolecules. Collagen is an example of a homo-oligomeric protein that is composed of three identical protein chains. The term multimer (/ˈmʌltɨmər/) (multi-, "more than one" + -mer, "part") is used with a meaning similar to that of oligomer in the context of proteins (although technical restrictions of word sense may exist).

IUPAC definition

Oligomer molecule: A molecule of intermediate relative molecular mass, the
structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually
or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass.

Notes

1. A molecule is regarded as having an intermediate relative molecular mass if it
has properties which do vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of the units.

2. If a part or the whole of the molecule has an intermediate relative molecular mass
and essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually,
from molecules of lower relative molecular mass, it may be described as oligomeric,
or by oligomer used adjectivally.^[3]

Oligomerization: The process of converting a monomer or a mixture of monomers
into an oligomer.

Note: An oligomerization by chain reaction carried out in the presence of a large amount
of chain-transfer agent, so that the end-groups are essentially fragments of the chain-
transfer agent, is termed telomerization.^[3]

Many oils are oligomeric, such as liquid paraffin. Plasticizers are oligomeric esters widely used to soften thermoplastics such as PVC. They may be made from monomers by linking them together, or by separation from the higher fractions of crude oil. Polybutene is an oligomeric oil used to make putty. Greek prefixes are often used to designate the number of monomer units in the oligomer, for example a tetramer being composed of four units and a hexamer of six.

In biochemistry, the term oligonucleotide - or, informally, "oligo" - is used for short, single-stranded nucleic acid fragments, such as DNA or RNA, or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholinos. Such oligos are used in hybridization experiments (bound to glass slides or nylon membranes), as probes for in situ hybridization or in antisense experiments such as gene knockdowns.^{[citation needed]} It can also refer to a protein complex made of two or more subunits. In this case, a complex made of several different protein subunits is called a hetero-oligomer or heteromer. When only one type of protein subunit is used in the complex, it is called a homo-oligomer or homomer.

Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts monomers to macromolecular complexes through a finite degree of polymerization. The actual figure for degree of polymerization is a matter of debate, often a value between 10 and 100.^{[citation needed]}

When an oligomer forms as a result of chain transfer the oligomer is called a telomer and the process telomerization.^[4] A telomere is a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a linear chromosome.

Green Oil

In Oil and Gas Industry, Green oil refers to oligomer formed in all C2, C3 and C4 hydrogenation reactors of ethylene plants; and other petrochemical production facilities; it is a mixture of C4 to C20 unsaturated and reactive components with about 90% aliphatic dienes and 10% of olefins plus paraffins. ^[5]

References

^ "Oligomer". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ McNaught; Wilkinson, A.D., eds. (February 24, 2014). "Oligomer molecule". Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2 ed.). Blackwell Scientific. doi:10.1351/goldbook.O04286. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 68 (12): 2287–2311. 1996. doi:10.1351/pac199668122287.
^ McNaught; Wilkinson, A.D., eds. (February 24, 2014). "Telomerization". Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2 ed.). Blackwell Scientific. doi:10.1351/goldbook.T06260. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ http://www.pall.com/main/fuels-and-chemicals/green-oil-contaminant-separation-37657.page

English Journal

LNA units present in the (2'-OMe)-RNA strand stabilize parallel duplexes (2'-OMe)-RNA/[All-RP-PS]-DNA and parallel triplexes (2'-OMe)-RNA/[All-RP-PS]-DNA/RNA. An improved tool for the inhibition of reverse transcription.

Maciaszek A1, Krakowiak A, Janicka M, Tomaszewska-Antczak A, Sobczak M, Mikołajczyk B, Guga P.
Organic & biomolecular chemistry.Org Biomol Chem.2015 Feb 10;13(8):2375-84. doi: 10.1039/c4ob02364a.
Homopurine phosphorothioate analogs of DNA, possessing all phosphorus atoms of RP configuration ([All-RP-PS]-DNA), when interact with appropriate complementary RNA or (2'-OMe)-RNA templates, form parallel triplexes or parallel duplexes of very high thermodynamic stability. The present results show t
PMID 25564351

Quaternary structure of WzzB and WzzE polysaccharide copolymerases.

Kalynych S1, Cherney M, Bostina M, Rouiller I, Cygler M.
Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.Protein Sci.2015 Jan;24(1):58-69. doi: 10.1002/pro.2586. Epub 2014 Nov 4.
Bacteria have evolved cellular control mechanisms to ensure proper length specification for surface-bound polysaccharides. Members of the Polysaccharide Copolymerase (PCP) family are central to this process. PCP-1 family members are anchored to the inner membrane through two transmembrane helices an
PMID 25307743

Structure of the nonameric bacterial amyloid secretion channel.

Cao B1, Zhao Y2, Kou Y3, Ni D1, Zhang XC1, Huang Y4.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2014 Dec 16;111(50):E5439-44. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411942111. Epub 2014 Dec 1.
Various strains of bacteria are able to produce a unique class of functional amyloids termed curli, which are critical for biofilm formation, host cell adhesion, and colonization of inert surfaces. Curli are secreted via the type VIII bacterial secretion system, and they share biochemical and struct
PMID 25453093

Japanese Journal

配位結合を活用した芳香環多重集積体の構築

吉沢道人,山内祥弘,藤田誠
基礎有機化学討論会要旨集（基礎有機化学連合討論会予稿集） 37(0), 71-71, 2007
本研究では、合理設計されたパネル状配位子、ピラー状配位子、平面状分子と金属イオンの水中での自己組織化により、２つの箱形錯体が三次元的にインターペネトレーションし、その間に複数の平面状分子がインターカレーションした、高次芳香環集積体を一義的に構築することに成功した。ピラー状配位子の長さをコントロールすることで、７重、８重および９重の芳香環集積体をそれぞれ作り分けることができた。これらの構造体は、詳細 …
NAID 130004646309