WordNet

used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement; "no, you are wrong"
a negative; "his no was loud and clear"
referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present; "he was no heavier than a child" (同)no more
not in any degree or manner; not at all; "he is no better today"
quantifier; used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns for indicating a complete or almost complete lack or zero quantity of; "we have no bananas"; "no eggs left and no money to buy any"; "have you no decency?"; "did it with no help"; "Ill get you there in no time"
inflammation of the urethra; results in painful urination
the fifth of the seven canonical hours; about 3 p.m.

PrepTutorEJDIC

《名詞の前に置いて》『一つも』(『一人も,少しも』)・・・『ない』 / 《補語につけて》『決して・・・でない』 / 《省略文で》・・・なし;・・・お断り / 《話》少ししか(あまり)・・・ない / (肯定の問いに対して)『いいえ』;(否定の問いに対して)はい,ええ / 《not, norの前に挿入して》『いや』,否 / 《形容詞の前に置その形容詞を否定して》…どころではない / 《比較級の前に置いて》ちっとも…でない,…と全く同じ / 《… or no の形で》…であってもなくても / 《驚き・困惑・不信などを表して》とんでもない / 《単数形で》『拒否』,「『いいえ』」という返事 / 《複数形で》反対[投]票

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/04 19:30:48」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For the Nahuan language with the ISO code "ngu", see Guerrero Nahuatl.

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is an inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by gonorrheal infection.

For treatment purposes, doctors usually classify infectious urethritis in two categories: gonococcal urethritis, caused by gonorrhea, and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU).^[1]

Causes[edit]

There are many causes of NGU.^[2] This is in part due to the large variety of organisms living in the urinary tract. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium are some of the culprits.

Bacterial[edit]

The most common bacterial cause of NGU is Chlamydia trachomatis, but it can also be caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum, Haemophilus vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

Viral[edit]

Herpes simplex virus (rare), Adenovirus^{[citation needed]}

Parasitic[edit]

Parasitic causes include Trichomonas vaginalis (rare).^{[citation needed]}

Noninfectious[edit]

Urethritis can be caused by mechanical injury (from a urinary catheter or a cystoscope), by an irritating chemical (antiseptics or some spermicides).

Symptoms[edit]

The symptoms of urethritis can include pain or a burning sensation upon urination (dysuria), a white/cloudy discharge and a feeling that one needs to pass urine frequently. For men, the signs and symptoms are discharge from the penis, burning or pain when urinating, itching, irritation, or tenderness, and underwear stain. In women, the signs and symptoms are discharge from vagina, burning or pain when urinating, anal or oral infections, abdominal pain, or abnormal vaginal bleeding, which may be an indication that the infection has progressed to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. However, men are frequently, and women are known to be affected with cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease.^[3]

Diagnosis[edit]

It has been easy to test for the presence of gonorrhea by viewing a Gram's stain of the urethral discharge under a microscope: The causative organism is distinctive in appearance; however, this works only with men because other non-pathogenic gram-negative microbes are present as normal flora of the vagina in women. Thus, one of the major causes of urethritis can be identified (in men) by a simple common test, and the distinction between gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis arose for this reason.

Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is diagnosed if a person with urethritis has no signs of gonorrhea bacteria on laboratory tests. The most frequent cause of NGU (23%-55% of cases) is chlamydia.

Non-specific urethritis[edit]

In the United Kingdom, NGU is more often called non-specific urethritis;^[4]^[5]^[6] "non-specific" is a medical term meaning "specific cause has not been identified", and in this case refers to the detection of urethritis, and the testing for but found negative of gonorrhea. In this sense, the most likely cause of NSU is a chlamydia infection.

However, the term NSU is sometimes distinguished and used to mean that both gonorrhea and chlamydia have been ruled out.^[7] Thus, depending on the sense, chlamydia can either be the most likely cause or have been ruled out, and frequently detected organisms are ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis.

Treatment[edit]

Treatment is based on the prescription and use of the proper antibiotics depending on the strain of the ureaplasma.^[8]

Because of its multi-causative nature, initial treatment strategies involve using a broad range antibiotic that is effective against chlamydia (such as doxycycline). It is imperative that both the patient and any sexual contacts be treated. Women infected with the organisms that cause NGU may develop pelvic inflammatory disease. If symptoms persist, follow-up with a urologist may be necessary to identify the cause.

A completed "November 19, 2009" Phase II Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind 4-Arm Trial for the Treatment of Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU): Doxycycline (Plus or Minus Tinidazole) Versus Azithromycin (Plus or Minus Tinidazole). Purpose of the study was to look at the safety, effectiveness, and tolerability of combination medications for the initial treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). This study compared the 2 currently recommended NGU treatments, doxycycline and azithromycin, taken with tinidazole (another medication to treat certain sexually transmitted infections).^[9] Tinidazole used with doxycycline or azithromycin may cure NGU better than when doxycycline or azithromycin is used alone.^[9]

If left untreated, complications include epididymitis and infertility. Consistent and correct use of latex condoms during sexual activity greatly reduces the likelihood of infection.

References[edit]

^ Burstein GR, Zenilman JM (January 1999). "Nongonococcal urethritis—a new paradigm". Clin. Infect. Dis. 28 (Suppl 1): S66–73. doi:10.1086/514728. PMID 10028111.
^ Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, et al (February 2006). "Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure". J. Infect. Dis. 193 (3): 336–45. doi:10.1086/499434. PMID 16388480.
^ Draeger, R. W.; Dahners, L. E. (2006). "Traumatic Wound Debridement". Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 20 (2): 83–88. doi:10.1097/01.bot.0000197700.19826.db. PMID 16462559. edit
^ Non-specific urethritis, NHS
^ Non-specific Urethritis (NSU), NHS, Genito-Urinary Medicine (GUM)
^ NSU (non-specific urethritis), BBC
^ Non-specific urethritis (NSU) and Cervicitis
^ "Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)". BC HealthFile. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
^ ^a ^b ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00322465 NGU: Doxycycline (Plus or Minus Tinidazole) Versus Azithromycin (Plus or Minus Tinidazole)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人男性における尿道炎 urethritis in adult men
2. 男性および女性におけるマイコプラズマ・ゲニタリウム感染 mycoplasma genitalium infection in men and women
3. マイコプラズマ・ホミニスおよびウレアプラスマ・ウレアリチカム感染 mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum infections
4. クラミジア・トラコマティス感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis infections
5. 成人男性の排尿障害の原因となる感染症へのアプローチ approach to infectious causes of dysuria in the adult man

English Journal

Is previous azithromycin treatment associated with azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae? A cross-sectional study using national surveillance data in England.

Clifton S1, Town K2, Furegato M2, Cole M2, Mohammed H2, Woodhall SC2, Kevin Dunbar J2, Fifer H2, Hughes G2.
Sexually transmitted infections.Sex Transm Infect.2018 Mar 6. pii: sextrans-2017-053461. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2017-053461. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 29511067

Future of human Chlamydia vaccine: potential of self-adjuvanting biodegradable nanoparticles as safe vaccine delivery vehicles.

Sahu R1, Verma R1, Dixit S1, Igietseme JU2, Black CM2, Duncan S1, Singh SR1, Dennis VA1.
Expert review of vaccines.Expert Rev Vaccines.2018 Mar;17(3):217-227. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1435279. Epub 2018 Feb 6.
PMID 29382248

GyrA and/or ParC alterations of Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the urethra of men with acute urethritis.

Kondo H1, Ito S2, Hatazaki K1, Horie K1, Nakane K1, Mizutani K1, Tsuchiya T1, Yasuda M1, Yokoi S1, Nakano M1, Deguchi T3.
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.J Infect Chemother.2018 Mar;24(3):232-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.10.013. Epub 2017 Nov 11.
PMID 29138021

Japanese Journal

非淋菌性尿道炎 (特集抗菌薬の選択と上手な使い方! : 私の処方箋)

臨床泌尿器科 = Japanese journal of clinical urology 69(8), 670-673, 2015-07
NAID 40020513821

Clinical and microbiological outcomes in treatment of men with non-gonococcal urethritis with a 100-mg twice-daily dose regimen of sitafloxacin

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 18(3), 414-418, 2012-06-01
NAID 10030787502

Urethritis due to Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 17(5), 720-721, 2011-10-01
NAID 10030225563

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「非淋菌性尿道炎」
拡張検索	「non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis」
関連記事	「n」「gonococcal urethritis」「non」