WordNet

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement (同)animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna
marked by the appetites and passions of the body; "animal instincts"; "carnal knowledge"; "fleshly desire"; "a sensual delight in eating"; "music is the only sensual pleasure without vice" (同)carnal, fleshly, sensual
of or relating to or occurring in the night; "nocturnal darkness"
belonging to or active during the night; "nocturnal animals are active at night"; "nocturnal plants have flowers that open at night and close by day"
(Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious

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(植物に対して)『動物』 / (人間以外の)『動物』,けだもの / (魚・鳥などに対して)哺乳動物(mammal) / けだもの(野獣)のような人 / (比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》動物の,動物性の,動物質の / (知的・精神的に対して)動物的な;肉欲的な
夜の,夜間の;夜に起こる / (動物が)夜行性の / (植物が)夜咲きの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/04 03:10:13」(JST)

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This article is about the animal behavior of nocturnality. For other uses, see Nocturnal (disambiguation).

Look up nocturnal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Owls are well known for being nocturnal, although some owls are active during the day.

Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal".

Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed senses of hearing and smell, and specially adapted eyesight. Such traits can help animals like the Helicoverpa zea moths avoid predators.^[1] Some animals, such as cats and ferrets, have eyes that can adapt to both low-level and bright day levels of illumination (see metaturnal). Others, such as bushbabies and (some) bats, can function only at night. Many nocturnal creatures including tarsiers and some owls have large eyes in comparison to their body size in order to compensate for the lower light levels during the night.

Diurnal animals,like squirrels and songbirds, are active during the daytime. Crepuscular species, such as rabbits, skunks, cats, and hyenas, are often erroneously referred to as nocturnal. Cathemeral species, such as fossas and lions, are active both day and night.

While most humans are diurnal, for various personal and social/cultural reasons some people are temporarily or habitually nocturnal.

Survival adaptations[edit]

Resource competition[edit]

Being active at night is a form of niche differentiation, where a species' niche is partitioned not by the amount of resources but by the amount of time (i.e. temporal division of the ecological niche). Hawks and owls can hunt the same field or meadow for the same rodents without conflict because hawks are diurnal and owls are nocturnal. This means they are not in competition for each other's prey.

Predation[edit]

Nocturnality is a form of crypsis, an adaptation to avoid or enhance predation. One of the reasons that (cathemeral) lions prefer to hunt at night is that many of their prey species (zebra, antelope, impala, wildebeest, etc.) have poor night vision. Many species of small rodents are active at night because most of the dozen or so birds of prey that hunt them are diurnal. There are many diurnal species that exhibit some nocturnal behaviors. For example, many seabirds and sea turtles only gather at breeding sites or colonies at night to reduce the risk of predation to themselves and/or their offspring.

Water conservation[edit]

Another reason for nocturnality is avoiding the heat of the day. This is especially true in arid biomes like deserts, where nocturnal behavior prevents creatures from losing precious water during the hot, dry daytime. This is an adaptation that enhances osmoregulation.^[2] One of the reasons that (cathemeral) lions prefer to hunt at night is to conserve water.

Many plant species native to arid biomes have adapted so that their flowers only open at night when the sun's intense heat cannot wither and destroy their moist, delicate blossoms. These flowers are pollinated by bats, another creature of the night.

In captivity[edit]

Zoos[edit]

In zoos, nocturnal animals are usually kept in special night-illumination enclosures to invert their normal sleep-wake cycle and to keep them active during the hours when visitors will be there to see them.

Pets[edit]

Hedgehogs are mostly nocturnal.

Hedgehogs and sugar gliders are just two of the many nocturnal species kept as (exotic) pets. Cats have adapted to domestication so that each individual, whether stray alley cat or pampered housecat, can change their activity level at will, becoming nocturnal or diurnal in response to their environment or the routine of their owners. Cats normally demonstrate crepuscular behavior, being most active in hunting and exploration at dusk and dawn.^[3]

References[edit]

^ Agee, H. R., and E. Orona. "Studies of the neural basis of evasive flight behavior in response to acoustic stimulation in Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): organization of the tympanic nerves." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81.6 (1988): 977-985
^ N. A. Campbell (1996) Biology (4th edition) Benjamin Cummings NY. ISBN 0-8053-1957-3
^ Debra Horwitz, DVM; Gary Landsberg, DVM. "Nocturnal Activity in Cats". VCA Antech. Retrieved 7 October 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

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English Journal

Do predators influence the behaviour of bats?

Lima SL, O'Keefe JM.SourceDepartment of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA.
Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.2013 Aug;88(3):626-44. doi: 10.1111/brv.12021. Epub 2013 Jan 24.
Many aspects of animal behaviour are affected by real-time changes in the risk of predation. This conclusion holds for virtually all taxa and ecological systems studied, but does it hold for bats Bats are poorly represented in the literature on anti-predator behaviour, which may reflect a lack of n
PMID 23347323

The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals.

Gerkema MP, Davies WI, Foster RG, Menaker M, Hut RA.SourceCentre for Behaviour and Neuroscience, Department of Chronobiology, University of Groningen, , Groningen, The Netherlands, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, , Oxford OX3 9DU, UK, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, , Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, , Charlottesville, VA 22904 4328, USA.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2013 Jul 3;280(1765):20130508. Print 2013.
In 1942, Walls described the concept of a 'nocturnal bottleneck' in placental mammals, where these species could survive only by avoiding daytime activity during times in which dinosaurs were the dominant taxon. Walls based this concept of a longer episode of nocturnality in early eutherian mammals
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The coeruleus/subcoeruleus complex in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorders in Parkinson's disease.

García-Lorenzo D, Longo-Dos Santos C, Ewenczyk C, Leu-Semenescu S, Gallea C, Quattrocchi G, Pita Lobo P, Poupon C, Benali H, Arnulf I, Vidailhet M, Lehericy S.Source1 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Paris, France.
Brain : a journal of neurology.Brain.2013 Jul;136(Pt 7):2120-9. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt152.
In Parkinson's disease, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is an early non-dopaminergic syndrome with nocturnal violence and increased muscle tone during rapid eye movement sleep that can precede Parkinsonism by several years. The neuronal origin of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disord
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Japanese Journal

Natural History of the Oriental Odd-tooth Snake (Dinodon orientale) in Yamanashi, Japan: Seasonal Activity and Body Condition Associated with Sex

YAMASAKI YOHEI,MORI YOSHIHISA
Current Herpetology 34(1), 60-66, 2015
… The natural history of an animal provides crucial information for more focused studies in areas such as ecology, ethology, and evolution. … Dinodon orientale is a small, nocturnal, and rather rare endemic species in Japan. …
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Nocturnal Light Exposure Alters Hepatic Pai-1 Expression by Stimulating the Adrenal Pathway in C3H Mice

AOSHIMA Yoshiki,SAKAKIBARA Hiroyuki,SUZUKI Taka-aki [他]
Experimental animals 63(3), 331-338, 2014-07
NAID 40020130166

広域獣害防止柵の開口部がニホンジカ侵入防止に及ぼす影響

大岩幸太,藤田和宏,鉄谷龍之 [他],小川博,安藤元一
東京農業大学農学集報 59(1), 21-28, 2014-06-25
広域で設置される獣害防止柵では道路や河川などと交わる場所に柵のない開口部が生じる。本研究ではニホンジカの高密度生息地域である神奈川県丹沢山系に設置された広域獣害防止柵(52km)を対象に,開口部の存在がシカ侵入防止に及ぼす影響について調査した。開口部は2.0箇所/kmの割合で存在しており,道路と河川による開口部が多くほぼ同数(各0.8箇所/km)を占めた。開口部のシカ通過頻度は,開口部幅3.0m以 …
NAID 110009808447