硝酸菌
- 関
- nitrate bacteria、nitrate bacterium
WordNet
- any of the bacteria in the soil that take part in the nitrogen cycle; they oxidize ammonium compounds into nitrites or oxidize nitrites into nitrates
- rod-shaped soil bacteria (同)genus Nitrobacter
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/06/24 22:25:01」(JST)
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Nitrobacter |
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
Phylum: |
Proteobacteria |
Class: |
Alpha Proteobacteria |
Order: |
Rhizobiales |
Family: |
Bradyrhizobiaceae |
Genus: |
Nitrobacter
Winogradsky 1892 |
Species |
N. alkalicus
N. hamburgensis
N. vulgaris
N. winogradskyi
|
Nitrobacter is a genus of mostly rod-shaped, gram-negative, and chemoautotrophic bacteria.[1]
Nitrobacter plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil. Unlike plants, where electron transfer in photosynthesis provides the energy for carbon fixation, Nitrobacter use energy from the oxidation of nitrite ions, NO2-, into nitrate ions, NO3- to fulfill their energy needs. Nitrobacter fixes carbon-dioxide (via Calvin cycle) for their carbon requirements.[1]
Nitrobacter have an optimum pH between 7.3 and 7.5, and will die in temperatures exceeding 120°F (49°C) or below 32°F (0°C).[1]
Some sources regard Nitrobacteraceae to be the family of the genus Nitrobacter. Species in the genus Nitrobacter include Nitrobacter winogradskyi, Nitrobacter hamburgensis, Nitrobacter vulgaris and Nitrobacter alkalicus.[2] According to Grundmann, Nitrobacter seem to grow optimally at 38°C and at a pH of 7.9, but Holt states that Nitrobacter grow optimally at 28°C and grows within a pH range of 5.8 -8.5 and has an pH optima between 7.6 and 7.8.[2][3] Nitrobacter belongs to the α-subclass of the Proteobacteria.[3][4]
Nitrobacter may either be rod shaped, pear-shaped or pleomorphic. Cells normally reproduce by budding (Holt, 1993). Carboxysomes which aid carbon fixation are found in lithoautotrophically and mixotrophically grown cells. Additional energy conserving inclusions are PHB granules and polyphosphates. When both nitrite and organic substances are present, cells can exhibit biphasic growth, first the nitrite is used and after a lag phase, organic matter is oxidized. Chemoorganotrophic growth is slow and unbalanced thus more poly-β- hydroxybutyrate granules are seen that distort the shape and size of the cells.
Nitrobacter play an essential role in aquaponics. Nitrosomonas bacteria first convert ammonia into nitrites. Nitrobacter convert the nitrites into nitrates, which are readily absorbed by the plants.
See also [edit]
- Nitrate
- Nitrite
- Nitrobacteraceae
- Nitrogen cycle
- Nitrosomonas
- Nitrospira
- Nitrospirae
References [edit]
- ^ a b c http://www.bioconlabs.com/nitribactfacts.html
- ^ a b Holt, John G.; Hendricks Bergey, David (1993). R.S. Breed, ed. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.
- ^ a b Grundmann, GL; Neyra, M; Normand, P (2000). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of NO2--oxidizing Nitrobacter species using the rrs-rrl IGS sequence and rrl genes.". International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. 50 Pt 5: 1893–8. PMID 11034501.
- ^ Grunditz, C; Dalhammar, G (2001). "Development of nitrification inhibition assays using pure cultures of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.". Water research 35 (2): 433–40. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00312-2. PMID 11228996.
English Journal
- Effects of temperatures near the freezing point on N(2) O emissions, denitrification and on the abundance and structure of nitrifying and denitrifying soil communities.
- Wertz S, Goyer C, Zebarth BJ, Burton DL, Tatti E, Chantigny MH, Filion M.SourceAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Potato Research Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
- FEMS microbiology ecology.FEMS Microbiol Ecol.2013 Jan;83(1):242-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01468.x. Epub 2012 Aug 29.
- Climate warming in temperate regions may lead to decreased soil temperatures over winter as a result of reduced snow cover. We examined the effects of temperatures near the freezing point on N(2) O emissions, denitrification, and on the abundance and structure of soil nitrifiers and denitrifiers. So
- PMID 22882277
- Nitrification expanded: discovery, physiology and genomics of a nitrite-oxidizing bacterium from the phylum Chloroflexi.
- Sorokin DY, Lücker S, Vejmelkova D, Kostrikina NA, Kleerebezem R, Rijpstra WI, Damsté JS, Le Paslier D, Muyzer G, Wagner M, van Loosdrecht MC, Daims H.Source1] Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia [2] Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
- The ISME journal.ISME J.2012 Dec;6(12):2245-56. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.70. Epub 2012 Jul 5.
- Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) catalyze the second step of nitrification, a major process of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, but the recognized diversity of this guild is surprisingly low and only two bacterial phyla contain known NOB. Here, we report on the discovery of a chemolithoautotrophic
- PMID 22763649
- Redox thermodynamics of high-spin and low-spin forms of chlorite dismutases with diverse subunit and oligomeric structures.
- Hofbauer S, Bellei M, Sündermann A, Pirker KF, Hagmüller A, Mlynek G, Kostan J, Daims H, Furtmüller PG, Djinović-Carugo K, Oostenbrink C, Battistuzzi G, Obinger C.SourceDepartment of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, VIBT-Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
- Biochemistry.Biochemistry.2012 Nov 27;51(47):9501-12. doi: 10.1021/bi3013033. Epub 2012 Nov 14.
- Chlorite dismutases (Clds) are heme b-containing oxidoreductases that convert chlorite to chloride and dioxygen. In this work, the thermodynamics of the one-electron reduction of the ferric high-spin forms and of the six-coordinate low-spin cyanide adducts of the enzymes from Nitrobacter winogradsky
- PMID 23126649
Japanese Journal
- 2La01 酸性硫酸塩土壌由来の亜硝酸酸化菌の亜硝酸酸化還元酵素の発現解析(分類・系統・遺伝学,一般講演)
- Partial nitrification in a continuous pre-denitrification submerged membrane bioreactor and its nitrifying bacterial activity and community dynamics
- Nittami Tadashi,Ootake Hiroaki,Imai Yuko,Hosokai Yuya,Takada Ayako,Matsumoto Kanji
- Biochemical engineering journal : an international journal of research and development 55(2), 101-107, 2011-07-15
- … Furthermore, real-time PCR assays revealed that increasing influent ammonium concentration led to a decrease not of Nitrobacter but Nitrospira in the submerged membrane bioreactor. …
- NAID 120005348263
- Detection of a complementary couple of single-stranded DNAs by use of a quartz crystal device for determination of bacteria(METHODS)
- Kon Kichiro,Kuwahara Takashi,Shimomura Masato
- Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(2), 242-245, 2011-02
- … Preliminary experiments were carried out for the DNA detection targeting a complementary couple of single-stranded DNAs originating from Nitrobacter winogradskyi. …
- NAID 110008460341
Related Links
- 地球窒素循環を担う硝化細菌(硝化菌)の呼吸鎖電子伝達系-生化学と構造生物学- Nitrosomonas europaeaやNitrobacter winogradskyi (以前は、Nitrobacter agilis)は硝化細菌(硝化菌)(図1)と呼ばれ、前者はアンモニアを亜硝酸 ...
- Description and significance Nitrobacter winogradsky can be found living in many soils, natural stones as well as both fresh water and salt water. They have many differing rod shaped cells which divide through polar swelling. Along ...
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[★]
- 英
- nitrate bacterium、nitrate bacteria、nitrobacter
[★]
硝酸菌
- 関
- nitrate bacterium、nitrobacter
[★]
硝酸菌
- 関
- nitrate bacteria、nitrobacter