nibble

WordNet

bite off very small pieces; "She nibbled on her cracker"
gentle biting
eat intermittently; take small bites of; "He pieced at the sandwich all morning"; "She never eats a full meal--she just nibbles" (同)pick, piece
bite gently; "The woman tenderly nibbled at her babys ear"
a biter who takes dainty repeated bites

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…を)少しずつかじる,少しずつ食べる,つつく《+『away at』(『on』+『名』) / (相手の申し出などに)思わせぶりな催度を示す,乗るようなふりをする《+『at』+『名』》 / …‘を'少しずつ食べる,つつく;…‘を'かじり取る《+『away(off)』+『名』,+『名』+『away(off)』》 / かじり取って…‘を'作る / (…を)つつくこと,かじること《+『at(on)』+『名』》 / (食物の)一口の量,少量

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/03 07:50:06」(JST)

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An octet Code page 866 font table ordered by nibbles.

In computing, a nibble (often nybble or nyble to match the vowels of byte) is a four-bit aggregation,^[1] or half an octet. It is also known as half-byte^[2] or tetrade.^[3] In a networking or telecommunication context, the nibble is often called a semi-octet,^[4] quadbit,^[5] or quartet.^[6]^[7] A nibble has sixteen (2⁴) possible values. A nibble can be represented by a single hexadecimal digit and called a hex digit.^[8]

A full byte (octet) is represented by two hexadecimal digits; therefore, it is common to display a byte of information as two nibbles. Sometimes the set of all 256 byte values is represented as a table 16×16, which gives easily readable hexadecimal codes for each value.

Four-bit computer architectures use groups of four bits as their fundamental unit. Such architectures were used in early microprocessors and pocket calculators and continue to be used in some microcontrollers.

History

The term 'nibble' originates from its representing 'half a byte', with 'byte' a homophone of the English word 'bite'.^[2]

In 2014, David B. Benson, a professor emeritus at Washington State University, remembered that he playfully used (and may have possibly coined) the term nibble as "half a byte" and unit of storage required to hold a binary-coded decimal (BCD) decimal digit around 1958, when talking to a programmer of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.

The alternative spelling 'nybble' reflects the spelling of 'byte', as noted in editorials of Kilobaud and Byte in the early 1980s.

Another early recorded use of the term 'nybble' was in 1977 within the consumer-banking technology group at Citibank. It created a pre-ISO 8583 standard for transactional messages between cash machines and Citibank's data centers that used the basic informational unit 'NABBLE'.

The nibble is used to describe the amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in packed decimal format (BCD) within an IBM mainframe. This technique is used to make computations faster and debugging easier. An 8-bit byte is split in half and each nibble is used to store one decimal digit. The last (rightmost) nibble of the variable is reserved for the sign. Thus a variable which can store up to nine digits would be "packed" into 5 bytes. Ease of debugging resulted from the numbers being readable in a hex dump where two hex numbers are used to represent the value of a byte, as 16×16 = 2⁸. For example, a five-byte BCD value of 31 41 59 26 5C represents a decimal value of +314159265.

Historically, there are cases where nybble was used for a group of bits greater than 4. In the Apple II microcomputer line, much of the disk drive control was implemented in software. Writing data to a disk was done by converting 256-byte pages into sets of 5-bit (later, 6-bit) nibbles and loading disk data required the reverse. Moreover, 1982 documentation for the Integrated Woz Machine refers consistently to an "8 bit nibble".^[9]

Note that the term byte once had this ambiguity and meant a set of bits but not necessarily 8, hence the distinction of bytes and octets. Today, the terms 'byte' and 'nibble' almost always refer to 8-bit and 4-bit collections respectively and are very rarely used to express any other sizes.

The term 'semi-nibble' or 'nibblet' is used to refer to a 2-bit collection or half a nibble but rarely so.

Table of nibbles

The sixteen nibbles and their equivalents in other numeral systems:


0_hex	=	0_dec	=	0_oct	0	0	0	0
1_hex	=	1_dec	=	1_oct	0	0	0	1
2_hex	=	2_dec	=	2_oct	0	0	1	0
3_hex	=	3_dec	=	3_oct	0	0	1	1

4_hex	=	4_dec	=	4_oct	0	1	0	0
5_hex	=	5_dec	=	5_oct	0	1	0	1
6_hex	=	6_dec	=	6_oct	0	1	1	0
7_hex	=	7_dec	=	7_oct	0	1	1	1

8_hex	=	8_dec	=	10_oct	1	0	0	0
9_hex	=	9_dec	=	11_oct	1	0	0	1
A_hex	=	10_dec	=	12_oct	1	0	1	0
B_hex	=	11_dec	=	13_oct	1	0	1	1

C_hex	=	12_dec	=	14_oct	1	1	0	0
D_hex	=	13_dec	=	15_oct	1	1	0	1
E_hex	=	14_dec	=	16_oct	1	1	1	0
F_hex	=	15_dec	=	17_oct	1	1	1	1

Low and high nibbles

The terms "low nibble" and "high nibble" are used to denote the nibbles containing, respectively, the less significant bits and the more significant bits within a byte. In graphical representations of bits within a byte, the leftmost bit could represent the most significant bit (MSB), corresponding to ordinary decimal notation in which the digit at the left of a number is the most significant. In such illustrations the four bits on the left end of the byte form the high nibble, and the remaining four bits form the low nibble.^[10]

Examples

(Binary to Hexadecimal)

0000 0100 0010 = 042
0010 1010 1001 = 2A9
0010 0000 1001 = 209
1110 0100 1001 = E49
0011 1001 0110 = 396
0001 0000 0001 = 101
0011 0101 0100 = 354
0001 0110 0100 = 164

Extracting a nibble from a byte

In the C programming language:

#define HI_NIBBLE(b) (((b) >> 4) & 0x0F)
#define LO_NIBBLE(b) ((b) & 0x0F)

where b must be a variable or constant of an integral data type, and only the least-significant byte of b is used.

For example, HI_NIBBLE(0xAB)==0xA and LO_NIBBLE(0xAB)==0xB.

In Common Lisp:

(defun hi-nibble (b)
  (ldb (byte 4 4) b))
(defun lo-nibble (b)
  (ldb (byte 4 0) b))

References

^ Hall, Douglas V. (1980). Microprocessors and Digital Systems. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-025571-7.
^ ^a ^b Raymond, Eric S. (1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary. MIT Press. p. 333. ISBN 9780262680929.
^ Carr, John W. Introduction to the use of digital computers: Notes from the Summer Conference Held at the Computation Center of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., August 17-28, 1959. Frontier Research on Digital Computers. 1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Computation Center. p. 211. Each of these letters corresponds to one of the integers from zero to fifteen, therefore requiring 4 bits (one "tetrade") in binary representation.
^ Puzman, Josef; Kubin, Boris (2012). Public Data Networks: From Separate PDNs to the ISDN. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 113. ISBN 9781447117377.
^ Horak, Ray (2007). Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons. p. 402. ISBN 9780470225714.
^ Brewster, Ronald L. (1994). Data Communications and Networks, Vol. III. IEE telecommunications series. 31. Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 155. ISBN 9780852968048. A data symbol represents one quartet (4 bits) of binary data.
^ Courbis, Paul; Lalande, Sébastien (2006-06-27) [1989]. Voyage au centre de la HP28c/s (in French) (2 ed.). Paris, France: Editions de la Règle à Calcul. OCLC 636072913. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
^ Heller, Steve (1997). Introduction to C++. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 27. ISBN 9780123390998. Each hex digit (0–f) represents exactly 4 bits.
^ Apple Computer, Inc. (February 1982) [1978]. Integrated Woz Machine (IWM) Specification (PDF) (19 ed.). DigiBam Computer Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
^ Baccala, Brent (April 1997). "Binary arithmetic". Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-07-20.

External links

Computer Math Forum
Apple Assembly Line, May 1981, Volume 1, Number 8

English Journal

Dairy heifers benefit from the presence of an experienced companion when learning how to graze.

Costa JH1, Costa WG2, Weary DM1, Machado Filho LC2, von Keyserlingk MA3.
Journal of dairy science.J Dairy Sci.2016 Jan;99(1):562-8. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9387. Epub 2015 Nov 5.
Pasture remains important on many dairy farms, but the age of first contact with pasture varies depending on the month of birth, weaning age, and farm management. Regardless of age, naïve dairy heifers must learn to graze when first introduced to pasture. This study investigated whether being group
PMID 26547655

Chew on this: amoebic trogocytosis and host cell killing by Entamoeba histolytica.

Ralston KS1.
Trends in parasitology.Trends Parasitol.2015 Sep;31(9):442-52. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.05.003. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
Entamoeba histolytica was named 'histolytica' (from histo-, 'tissue'; lytic-, 'dissolving') for its ability to destroy host tissues. Direct killing of host cells by the amoebae is likely to be the driving factor that underlies tissue destruction, but the mechanism was unclear. We recently showed tha
PMID 26070402

[Nutritional status in university students: its relation to the number of daily intakes and macronutrients consumption].

Pi RA1, Vidal PD2, Brassesco BR3, Viola L4, Aballay LR5.
Nutricion hospitalaria.Nutr Hosp.2015 Apr 1;31(4):1748-56. doi: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.4.8399.
in

English, SpanishIntroducción: existe una creciente evidencia científica de que la nutrición ejerce una influencia tanto positiva como negativa en la salud a lo largo de la vida. Diversos autores han destacado que la población universitaria es un grupo especialmente vulnerable desde el pun

PMID 25795967

Identification of Protein Complexes Using Weighted PageRank-Nibble Algorithm and Core-Attachment Structure.

Peng W, Wang J, Zhao B, Wang L.
IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics.IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform.2015 Jan-Feb;12(1):179-92. doi: 10.1109/TCBB.2014.2343954.
Protein complexes play a significant role in understanding the underlying mechanism of most cellular functions. Recently, many researchers have explored computational methods to identify protein complexes from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. One group of researchers focus on detecting lo
PMID 26357088

Japanese Journal

2P1-K04 蚕を参考にした狭隘凹凸地形内の運搬経路構築法の検討(サーチ&レスキューロボット・メカトロニクス)

塚越秀行,大沼宏陽,吉柳一郎,北川能
ロボティクス・メカトロニクス講演会講演概要集 2007, "2P1-K04(1)"-"2P1-K04(3)", 2007-05-11
… Key issues are how to reduce frictions between nibble and a passage building machine, and how to retain rigidity of the passage. …
NAID 110008695754

クラフト紙,プラスチックフィルムならびにアーモンドに生じたゴキブリおよびハツカネズミの齧り跡の特徴

山崎尋晶,伊藤靖忠,田原雄一郎
ペストロジー 22(1), 1-7, 2007-04-30
… Domestic cockroaches and mice often bite or nibble on food packages. …
NAID 110007328575

Electron Correlation and Band Width of dγ^1 Pyrite Compounds

ADACHI Kengo,MATSUI Masaaki,KIMURA Fumio,OMATA Yuuji
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 49(4), 1629-1630, 1980-10-15
… The mannetic suscertibilitv and the electrical resistivitv were measuvred on thepyrite type com.pounds having the dy' band configuration, CoSe., NIB'S, NiAsS,NiSbS, NiAsSe and Nibble. …
NAID 110001975720

両生類の幼生に投与した放射性銀

越田豊
動物学雑誌 74(1), 6-10, 1965-01-15
… This may be due to the fact that Rhacophorus larvae have opportunities to take up the radiosilver deposited on the wall of vessel more frequently than Hynobius larvae which never nibble on the wall. …
NAID 110003332756

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[1] Hall, Douglas V. (1980). Microprocessors and Digital Systems. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-025571-7.

[esr-2] Raymond, Eric S. (1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary. MIT Press. p. 333. ISBN 9780262680929.

[3] Carr, John W. Introduction to the use of digital computers: Notes from the Summer Conference Held at the Computation Center of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., August 17-28, 1959. Frontier Research on Digital Computers. 1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Computation Center. p. 211. Each of these letters corresponds to one of the integers from zero to fifteen, therefore requiring 4 bits (one "tetrade") in binary representation.

[4] Puzman, Josef; Kubin, Boris (2012). Public Data Networks: From Separate PDNs to the ISDN. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 113. ISBN 9781447117377.

[5] Horak, Ray (2007). Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons. p. 402. ISBN 9780470225714.

[6] Brewster, Ronald L. (1994). Data Communications and Networks, Vol. III. IEE telecommunications series. 31. Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 155. ISBN 9780852968048. A data symbol represents one quartet (4 bits) of binary data.

[7] Courbis, Paul; Lalande, Sébastien (2006-06-27) [1989]. Voyage au centre de la HP28c/s (in French) (2 ed.). Paris, France: Editions de la Règle à Calcul. OCLC 636072913. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

[8] Heller, Steve (1997). Introduction to C++. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 27. ISBN 9780123390998. Each hex digit (0–f) represents exactly 4 bits.

[9] Apple Computer, Inc. (February 1982) [1978]. Integrated Woz Machine (IWM) Specification (PDF) (19 ed.). DigiBam Computer Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2016-08-06.

[10] Baccala, Brent (April 1997). "Binary arithmetic". Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-07-20.

v t e Units of information

Base unit	Bit

Platform-dependent units	Nibble Byte Syllable Word

Platform-independent units	Quartet Octet Declet Hextet Doublet Quadlet Octlet Hexlet, (Triad Tetrad Octad Slab)

Traditional bit units	Kilobit Megabit Gigabit Terabit Petabit Exabit Zettabit Yottabit

Traditional byte units	Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte Exabyte Zettabyte Yottabyte

IEC bit units	Kibibit Mebibit Gibibit Tebibit Pebibit Exbibit Zebibit Yobibit

IEC byte units	Kibibyte Mebibyte Gibibyte Tebibyte Pebibyte Exbibyte Zebibyte Yobibyte

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