newspaperman

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(また『newspaper reporter』)新聞記者 / 新聞経営者

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/28 11:49:42」(JST)

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A television reporter holding a microphone in front of a cameraman.

Photojournalists at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.

A reporter interviewing Boris Johnson, Mayor of London.

A journalist is a person who collects, writes or distributes news or other current information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism. A journalist can work with general issues, or specialized in certain issues. For example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports.

Roles

A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a journalist's job is sometimes called reporting, in contrast to the production part of the job such as writing articles. Reporters may split their time between working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interview people. Reporters may be assigned a specific beat or area of coverage.

Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, and visual journalists, such as photojournalists (journalists who use the medium of photography).

Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of primary concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism, intentionally adopt a non-objective viewpoint. This has become more prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions and policies. These platforms often project extreme bias, as "sources" are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, televised or otherwise "published" end product.

Matthew C. Nisbet, who has written on science communication,^[1] has defined a "knowledge journalist" as a public intellectual who, like Walter Lippmann, David Brooks, Fareed Zakaria, Naomi Klein, Michael Pollan, Thomas Friedman, and Andrew Revkin, sees their role as researching complicated issues of fact or science which most laymen would not have the time or access to information to research themselves, then communicating an accurate and understandable version to the public as a teacher and policy advisor.

Lippmann argued that most individuals lacked the capacity, time, and motivation to follow and analyze news of the many complex policy questions that troubled society. Nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a news media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints, and prejudices. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as expert analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important.”^[2]

Journalistic freedom

A program director sets the task for TV journalists

Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger, particularly when reporting in areas of armed conflict or in states that do not respect the freedom of the press. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom and advocate for journalistic freedom. As of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder (71 percent), crossfire or combat (17 percent), or on dangerous assignment (11 percent). The "ten deadliest countries" for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq (230 deaths), Philippines (109), Russia (77), Colombia (76), Mexico (69), Algeria (61), Pakistan (59), India (49), Somalia (45) and Brazil (31) and Sri Lanka (30).^[3]

The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of 1 December 2010, 145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. Current numbers are even higher. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey (95),^[4] China (34 imprisoned), Iran (34), Eritrea (17), Burma (13), Uzbekistan (six), Vietnam (five), Cuba (four), Ethiopia (four), and Sudan (three).^[5]

The Newseum in Washington, D.C. is home to the Journalists Memorial, which lists the names of over 2,100 journalists from around the world who were killed in the line of duty.

References

^ See, for example, Nisbet, Matthew C. (2009). Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement. Environment (Online at environmentmagazine.org, retrieved 20 October 2010).
^ Matthew C. Nisbet (March 2013). "Nature’s Prophet: Bill McKibben as Journalist, Public Intellectual and Activist". Discussion Paper Series #D-78. Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, School of Communication and the Center for Social Media American University. p. 7. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
^ "887 Journalists Killed since 1992." Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
^ "Number of Jailed Journalists Nearly Doubles in Turkey". Los Angeles Times. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
^ Iran, China drive prison tally to 14-year high. "Iran, China drive prison tally to 14-year high (December 8, 2010). Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved November 18, 2011". Cpj.org. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

External links

Society of Professional Journalists

Look up journalist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journalists.

Journalism portal

English Journal

A newspaperman looks at the dentist's image.

BOISSONNEAULT GA.
Journal of the American Dental Association (1939).J Am Dent Assoc.1963 Mar;66:303-7.
PMID 13968543

A country newspaperman wants more 'horse and buggy' doctors.

McINTOSH AC.
Minnesota medicine.Minn Med.1953 Oct;36(10):1039-42.
PMID 13099058

A newspaperman looks at the medical profession.

JAMES JF.
Pennsylvania medical journal (1928).Pa Med J.1948 May;51(8):851-6.
PMID 18860805

Japanese Journal

「周辺」執筆者索引

徳島文理大学研究紀要 80, 113-139, 2010-09
NAID 110007694834

新聞記者から講演者へ : マーク・トウェインの変遷

梅花女子大学文化表現学部紀要 3, 55-63, 2006-12-25
NAID 110006407690

太平洋戦争下における南方新聞政策 : 『ボルネオ新聞』マカッサル支局長・棟尾松治を例として

法政論叢 39(1), 118-132,e17, 2002-11-15
NAID 110002803907

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[1] See, for example, Nisbet, Matthew C. (2009). Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement. Environment (Online at environmentmagazine.org, retrieved 20 October 2010).

[Knowledge_journalist-2] Matthew C. Nisbet (March 2013). "Nature’s Prophet: Bill McKibben as Journalist, Public Intellectual and Activist". Discussion Paper Series #D-78. Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, School of Communication and the Center for Social Media American University. p. 7. Retrieved March 8, 2013.

[3] "887 Journalists Killed since 1992." Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

[4] "Number of Jailed Journalists Nearly Doubles in Turkey". Los Angeles Times. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[5] Iran, China drive prison tally to 14-year high. "Iran, China drive prison tally to 14-year high (December 8, 2010). Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved November 18, 2011". Cpj.org. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

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