関: neural tissue

WordNet

a soft thin (usually translucent) paper (同)tissue_paper
part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body (同)nervus
control of your emotions; "this kind of tension is not good for my nerves"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(生物体の)『組織』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『薄織物』 / 〈U〉〈C〉水を吸収する柔らかな薄紙 / 〈C〉カーボンコピー用薄紙 / 〈C〉《a ~》(…を)織り交ぜて作ったもの《+of+名》 / =tissue paper
〈C〉『神経』 / 〈C〉《複数形で》『神経過敏』,いらだち / 〈U〉『勇気』,度胸(courage) / 〈U〉《時にa ~》厚かましさ,ずぶとさ;無礼 / 〈C〉葉脈;(昆虫の)翅脈(しみゃく) / 〈人,特に自分〉‘に'力を与える,‘を'元気づける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/06 22:08:25」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Example of nervous tissue.

Cells of nervous tissue.

Nervous tissue is the main component of the two parts of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which regulates and controls bodily functions and activity. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or more commonly as just glia (from the Greek, meaning glue), which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as providing nutrients to the neuron.

Nervous tissue is made up of different types of nerve cells, all of which have an axon, the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell.

Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.

Structure

Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, also called nerve cells, and neuroglial cells. Generally, nervous tissue is categorized into four types of tissue. In the central nervous system (CNS), the tissue types found are grey matter and white matter. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the tissue types are nerves and ganglia. The tissue is categorized by its neuronal and neuroglial components.^[1]

Components

Neurons are cells with specialized features that allow them to receive and facilitate nerve impulses, or action potentials, across their membrane to the next neuron.^[2] They possess a large cell body (soma), with cell projections called dendrites and an axon. Dendrites are thin, branching projections that receive electrochemical signaling (neurotransmitters) to create a change in voltage in the cell. Axons are long projections that carry the action potential away from the cell body toward the next neuron. The bulb-like end of the axon, called the axon terminal, is separated from the dendrite of the following neuron by a small gap called a synapse. When the action potential travels to the axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released across the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic receptors, continuing the nerve impulse.^[3]

Neurons are classified both functionally and structurally.

Functional classification:^[4]

Sensory neurons (afferent): Relay sensory information in the form of an action potential (nerve impulse) from the PNS to the CNS
Motor neurons (efferent): Relay an action potential out of the CNS to the proper effector (muscles, glands)
Interneurons: Cells that form connections between neurons and whose processes are limited to a single local area in the brain or spinal cord

Structural classification:^[4]

Multipolar neurons: Have 3 or more processes coming off the soma (cell body). They are the major neuron type in the CNS and include interneurons and motor neurons.
Bipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have two processes coming off the soma, one dendrite and one axon
Pseudounipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have one process that splits into two branches, forming the axon and dendrite
Unipolar brush cells: Are excitatory glutamatergic interneurons that have a single short dendrite terminating in a brush-like tuft of dendrioles. These are found in the granular layer of the cerebellum.

Neuroglia encompasses the non-neural cells in nervous tissue that provide various crucial supportive functions for neurons. They are smaller than neurons, and vary in structure according to their function.^[3]

Neuroglial cells are classified as follows:^[5]

Microglial cells: Microglia are macrophage cells that make up the primary immune system for the CNS.^[6] They are the smallest neuroglial cell.
Astrocytes: Star-shaped macroglial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the most abundant cell type in the brain, and are intrinsic to a healthy CNS.^[7]
Oligodendrocytes: CNS cells with very few processes. They form myelin sheaths on the axons of a neuron, which are lipid-based insulation that increases the speed at which the action potential, can travel down the axon.^[4]
NG2 glia: CNS cells that are distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and serve as the developmental precursors of oligodendrocytes^[5]
Schwann cells: The PNS equivalent of oligodendrocytes, they help maintain axons and form myelin sheaths in the PNS.^[4]
Satellite glial cell: Line the surface of neuron cell bodies in ganglia (groups of nerve body cells bundled or connected together in the PNS)^[8]
Enteric glia: Found in the enteric nervous system, within the gastrointestinal tract.^[9]

Classification of Tissue

In the Central Nervous System:^[10]

Grey matter is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes (astrocyte subtype), satellite oligodendrocytes (non-myelinating oligodendrocyte subtype), microglia, and very few myelinated axons.
White matter is composed of myelinated axons, fibrous astrocytes, myelinating oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

In the Peripheral Nervous System:^[11]

Ganglion tissue is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and satellite glial cells.
Nerves are composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, Schwann cells surrounded by connective tissue.

The three layers of connective tissue surrounding each nerve are:^[10]

- Endoneurium. Each nerve axon, or fiber is surrounded by the endoneurium, which is also called the endoneurial tube, channel or sheath. This is a thin, delicate, protective layer of connective tissue.
- Perineurium. Each nerve fascicle containing one or more axons, is enclosed by the perineurium, a connective tissue having a lamellar arrangement in seven or eight concentric layers. This plays a very important role in the protection and support of the nerve fibers and also serves to prevent the passage of large molecules from the epineurium into a fascicle.
- Epineurium. The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense connective tissue enclosing the (peripheral) nerve.

Function

The function of nervous tissue is to form the communication network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals across tissue.^[12] In the CNS, grey matter, which contains the synapses, is important for information processing. White matter, containing myelinated axons, connects and facilitates nerve impulse between grey matter areas in the CNS.^[13] In the PNS, the ganglion tissue, containing the cell bodies and dendrites, contain relay points for nerve tissue impulses. The nerve tissue, containing myelinated axons bundles, carry action potential/nerve impulses.^[10]

Clinical significance

Tumours

Neoplasms (tumours) in nervous tissue include:

Gliomas (glial cell tumors)

Gliomatosis cerebri, Oligoastrocytoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Ependymoma, Astrocytoma (Pilocytic astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme), Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, Oligodendroglioma, Medulloblastoma, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Neuroepitheliomatous tumors

Ganglioneuroma, Neuroblastoma, Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, Retinoblastoma, Esthesioneuroblastoma

Nerve sheath tumors

Neurofibroma (Neurofibrosarcoma, Neurofibromatosis), Schwannoma, Neurinoma, Acoustic neuroma, Neuroma

References

^ "Peripheral Nervous System". Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resource. University of Michigan Medical School. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ Byrne, John; Roberts, James (2004). From Molecules to Networks. California: Academic Press. p. 1. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Swenson, Rand. "Review of Clinical and Functional Neuroscience". Dartmouth Medical School. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Waymire, Jack. "Organization of Cell Types". Neuroscience Online. The University of Texas Medical School. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b Verkhratsky, Alexi; Butt, Arthur (2013). Glial Physiology and Pathaphysiology (PDF) (First ed.). Chinchester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 76. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Brodal, Per (March 1, 2010). The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 19. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Sofroniew, Michael; Vinters, Harry (2009). "Astrocytes: biology and pathology". Acta Neuropathol 119 (1): abstract. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0619-8. PMC 2799634. PMID 20012068.
^ M, Hanani (2010). "Satellite glial cells in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia: in search of function". Brain Research Review 64 (2): 1. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.04.009. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Gershon, Michael; Rothman, Taube (1991). "Enteric Glia". Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology 4: 195–204. doi:10.1002/glia.440040211.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Neurons and Support Cells". SIU Med. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
^ "Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue" (PDF). RMC faculty. Randolph-Macon College. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
^ "Nervous Tissue". Sidwell School. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Robertson, Sally. "What is Grey Matter". News Medical. AZo Network. Retrieved 30 January 2015.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies
2. 上肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of upper extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
3. 下肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of lower extremity peripheral nerve syndromes
4. 末梢神経腫瘍 peripheral nerve tumors
5. 転移性軟部組織肉腫の全身治療 systemic treatment of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma

English Journal

Differentiation of neuronal stem cells into motor neurons using electrospun poly-l-lactic acid/gelatin scaffold.

Binan L, Tendey C, De Crescenzo G, El Ayoubi R, Ajji A, Jolicoeur M.SourceDepartment of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Centre-Ville Station, H3C 3A7 Montréal, Québec, Canada; Groupe de Recherche en Science et Technologie Biomédicale (GRSTB), École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Centre-Ville Station, H3C 3A7 Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jan;35(2):664-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.097. Epub 2013 Oct 22.
Neural stem cells (NSCs) provide promising therapeutic potential for cell replacement therapy in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, high increases of cell viability and poor control of cell differentiation remain major obstacles. In this study, we have developed a non-woven material made of co-elect
PMID 24161168

Conductive PPY/PDLLA conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration.

Xu H, Holzwarth JM, Yan Y, Xu P, Zheng H, Yin Y, Li S, Ma PX.SourceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jan;35(1):225-35. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.002. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
The significant drawbacks and lack of success associated with current methods to treat critically sized nerve defects have led to increased interest in neural tissue engineering. Conducting polymers show great promise due to their electrical properties, and in the case of polypyrrole (PPY), its cell
PMID 24138830

Nerve regeneration and elastin formation within poly(glycerol sebacate)-based synthetic arterial grafts one-year post-implantation in a rat model.

Allen RA, Wu W, Yao M, Dutta D, Duan X, Bachman TN, Champion HC, Stolz DB, Robertson AM, Kim K, Isenberg JS, Wang Y.SourceDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jan;35(1):165-73. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.081. Epub 2013 Oct 9.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of cell-free vascular grafts made from a fast-degrading elastic polymer. We fabricated small arterial grafts from microporous tubes of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) reinforced with polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers on the outer su
PMID 24119457

Japanese Journal

The impact of high-frequency magnetic stimulation of peripheral nerves: muscle hardness, venous blood flow, and motor function of upper extremity in healthy subjects

, , , , , ,
Biomedical Research 36(2), 81-87, 2015
… The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of high-frequency peripheral nerve magnetic stimulation on the upper limb function. … The radial nerve of the non-dominant hand was stimulated by high-frequency magnetic stimulation device. …
NAID 130005065283

疼痛におけるガングリオシドの機能

,
Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology 27(154), 37-45, 2015
痛みの感受性は潜在的に有害な刺激を発見し、回避する重要な神経系の機能の一つである。直接的な侵害刺激に加えて、炎症や神経組織への損傷も感覚神経の活性化を引き起こし、その信号は特定の神経経路を介して脳の高次領域へと伝達される。さらに、様々な生理的な条件下や、病的な状態（例えばウィルス感染、糖尿病、がん、慢性的な炎症、神経繊維への障害など）でも痛みの感受性は増加する。組織への障害や炎症が完治した後も、痛 …
NAID 130005061795

新規疼痛制御分子としてのマクロファージ由来マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ12 の可能性

小林悠佳,岸岡史郎
PAIN RESEARCH 30(1), 37-45, 2015
… In this study, we focused on the function of MMP12 in peripheral nerve injury–induced neuropathic pain. … Neuropathic pain model mice were produced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL). … After PSL, the gene expression of MMP12 was increased in the injured sciatic nerve (SCN). …
NAID 130005061789