- 非・訳RNA
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/06 14:56:30」(JST)
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ノンコーディングRNA（non-coding RNA、ncRNA、非コードRNA）はタンパク質へ翻訳されずに機能するRNAの総称であり、非翻訳性RNA（non-translatable RNA）ともいう。ノンコーディングRNAを発現する遺伝子を、ノンコーディングRNA遺伝子あるいは単にRNA遺伝子と呼ぶことがある。
目次
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概要[編集]
ノンコーディングRNAとは、タンパク質に翻訳されるmRNAに対して付けられた総称に過ぎず、以下に述べるように20ヌクレオチド程度の低分子量のものから100 kbにも至るような様々なノンコーディングRNAが報告されている。その分子量の違いから容易に推測されるように、機能分子としてのノンコーディングRNAに共通点は見られず、従ってその生理機能も多様である。
ノンコーディングRNAはしばしば機能性RNA（functional RNA）と言い表されることがあるが、一部のアンチセンスRNAでみられるように、転写産物であるRNA分子それ自体には生物学的な機能がなく、その遺伝子座で転写が起こることが重要である場合や、そもそもノンコーディングRNA遺伝子そのものが生体にとって必要でない場合もみられるため、厳密にはすべてのノンコーディングRNAが機能性RNAであるわけではない。
最も有名で量も多いノンコーディングRNAは、翻訳過程で機能する転移RNA（tRNA）とリボソームRNA（rRNA）であるが、それ以外にも、1980年代初期の低分子量核内RNAの発見や、1990年代後期のマイクロRNAの発見など、基本的な代謝から個体発生や細胞分化までの実に様々な生命現象に関与するノンコーディングRNAが数多く見出されており、ノンコーディングRNAは以前考えられたよりもはるかに重要な役割を有すると考えられるようになった。
ノンコーディングRNAの分子ファミリー[編集]
RNAの構造は一次構造（塩基配列）、二次構造（相補鎖形成によるステムループ、バルジ、シュードノットなどの構造）、三次構造（分子の全体あるいは一部がとる立体構造）の観点から述べることができるが、ノンコーディングRNAの一部は進化的に保存された一次構造、あるいは二次構造を含むことが知られており、これらの構造上の特徴が生化学的な分子活性に重要であることが示されている。このような構造上の特徴をもとに、ノンコーディングRNAは大きく以下のように分類することができる。
転移RNA（transfer RNA、tRNA）[編集]
転移RNA（てんい-、transfer RNA）は73〜93塩基の長さの小さなRNAであり、翻訳反応において、合成中のポリペプチド鎖にアミノ酸を転移させるためのアダプター分子である。通常tRNAと略記されるが、運搬RNA、トランスファーRNAなどとも呼ばれる。アミノアシルtRNA合成酵素の働きにより、それぞれ特定のアミノ酸と結合してアミノアシルtRNA（amino acyl-tRNA）となる。tRNAに含まれるアンチコドンはリボソーム中でmRNA上の塩基配列（コドン）を認識し結合する。この過程でmRNA上の塩基配列に対応した正しいアミノ酸がポリペプチド鎖に取込まれる。また、ある種のtRNAはレトロトランスポゾンの逆転写反応のプライマーとして機能することが知られている。
リボソームRNA（ribosomal RNA、rRNA）[編集]
リボソームRNAは翻訳反応を司るリボソームの主要な構成成分であり、通常rRNAと省略して表記される。細胞内でもっとも大量に存在するRNA種である。真核生物では、リボソーム大サブユニット（60Sサブユニット）に28S, 5.8S, 5S RNAが、小サブユニット（40Sサブユニット）に18Sが含まれている。一方、原核生物には大サブユニット（50Sサブユニット）に23S, 5Sが、小サブユニット（30Sサブユニット）に16Sが含まれている。リボソームは40種類以上のリボソームタンパク質を含むリボ核酸複合体であるが、原核生物ではペプチド結合の生成反応が大サブユニット中で進行し23S rRNAが触媒活性に関与する事がわかっている。rRNAは最も詳細な研究が行われているノンコーディングRNAである。
mRNA型ncRNA（mRNA-like non-coding RNA）[編集]
poly(A)鎖を持ち、しばしばスプライシングを受ける高分子量（数百塩基〜）の非コードRNA分子の総称。マウスでは、44,147種類のpoly(A)+ RNAが同定されており、このうちの53％に相当する23,218種類が非コードRNAである可能性を指摘されているが、これらはmRNA型ncRNAに分類される。mRNA型ncRNAの代表例としては、哺乳類の遺伝子量補償に重要な役割を果たすXist RNAや、同じくショウジョウバエの遺伝子量補償に関与するroX RNAなどが知られている。また、SRA（steroid hormone RNA activator）はステロイドホルモンの受容体と結合し、転写の活性化に関与することが知られている。しかしながら、これらの例外を除き、ほとんどのものは機能が判っておらず、実際にRNA分子として機能しているかどうかを含め、不明な点が多く残されている。
small nuclear RNA（snRNA、核内低分子RNA）[編集]
snRNAは真核生物の核に見られる小型RNAの一群であって、RNAスプライシング（hnRNAからイントロンを除去する）や、テロメアの維持など、様々な重要な過程に関わっている。必ず特異的なタンパク質と会合しており、これらの複合体はsnRNP（small nuclear ribonucleoprotein）と呼ばれる。
small nucleolar RNA（snoRNA、核小体低分子RNA）[編集]
snoRNAはrRNAや他のRNAの化学的修飾（メチル化など）に関与する一群の低分子RNAである。snoRNAはタンパク質と複合体（snoRNP）を形成し、核内の核小体に局在する。snoRNAがターゲットとなるRNAと相補的に結合し、タンパク質が反応を触媒する。
microRNA（miRNA、マイクロRNA）[編集]
miRNAは特定の他の遺伝子のmRNAに対する相補的配列を有し、その遺伝子の発現を抑制する。
mRNAの非翻訳領域[編集]
原核生物・真核生物を問わず、いくつかのmRNAでは、タンパク質として翻訳されない領域（英：untranslated region: UTR、非翻訳領域）の中に、シスに（つまり連結した配列上で）機能するシスエレメントを含む場合がある。特に原核生物ではこのような制御配列が多く同定されており、RNAの分子機能を考える上でUTRに含まれる制御配列は非常に重要である。代表的なUTRの制御配列として、特定の代謝産物と直接結合することで転写終結や翻訳を制御する配列“リボスイッチ”や、翻訳終止の代わりにセレノシステイン挿入を指示する配列“SECIS”（セレノシステイン挿入配列）がある。
その他のncRNA[編集]
- gRNA
- gRNA（guide RNA）は、トリパノソーマにおけるキネトプラスチド（ミトコンドリア）のRNA編集に働くRNAである。トリパノソーマにおけるRNA編集では、mRNA上で数塩基のウラシル（U）が挿入または除去されることが知られているが、gRNAはmRNAの対応する配列に相補的に結合する配列を含み、編集装置であるeditosomeの一部としてmRNA編集をガイドする。
- なお、単に"guide RNA"というときは、相補的結合によってRNA・タンパク質複合体を標的核酸分子へとガイドするRNA（snoRNAを指すことが多い）という広い意味で用いられることが普通である。
- signal recognition particle RNA（SRP RNA）
- SRP（signal recognition particle）は細胞質にあるRNA-タンパク質複合体で、細胞外に分泌されるタンパク質のシグナル配列を認識する。真核生物のSRPにおけるRNA成分は4.5S RNAと呼ばれる。
- pRNA
- DNA型バクテリオファージの1種のφ-29は、約120塩基の同じRNAからなる6量体を動力要素（エネルギー源はATP）とするDNAパッケージング装置を持っている。このようなものが一般的かどうかはまだ明らかでない。
- tiny non-coding RNA（tncRNA）
- stem-bulge RNA（sbRNA）
- snRNA like RNA （snlRNA、snRNA様RNA）
- spliced leader RNA（SLRNA）
- Y RNA
脚注[編集]
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関連項目[編集]
- RNAi
- 相補的DNA
外部リンク[編集]
- 新学術領域研究（平成21-25年度）非コードRNA作用マシナリー
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wiki en
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA (npcRNA), non-messenger RNA (nmRNA) and functional RNA (fRNA). The term small RNA (sRNA) is often used for short bacterial ncRNAs. The DNA sequence from which a non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene.
Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), as well as RNAs such as snoRNAs, microRNAs, siRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, and piRNAs and the long ncRNAs that include examples such as Xist and HOTAIR (see here for a more complete list of ncRNAs). The number of ncRNAs encoded within the human genome is unknown, however recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs.[1][2][3][4], but see [5] Since many of the newly identified ncRNAs have not been validated for their function, it is possible that many are non-functional.[6]
Contents
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History and discovery[edit]
Further information: History of molecular biology
Nucleic acids were first discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher[7] and by 1939 RNA had been implicated in protein synthesis.[8] Two decades later, Francis Crick predicted a functional RNA component which mediated translation; he reasoned that RNA is better suited to base-pair with an mRNA transcript than a pure polypeptide.[9]
The cloverleaf structure of Yeast tRNAPhe (inset) and the 3D structure determined by X-ray analysis.
The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an alanine tRNA found in baker's yeast, its structure was published in 1965.[10] To produce a purified alanine tRNA sample, Robert W. Holley et al. used 140kg of commercial baker's yeast to give just 1g of purified tRNAAla for analysis.[11] The 80 nucleotide tRNA was sequenced by first being digested with Pancreatic ribonuclease (producing fragments ending in Cytosine or Uridine) and then with takadiastase ribonuclease Tl (producing fragments which finished with Guanosine). Chromatography and identification of the 5' and 3' ends then helped arrange the fragments to establish the RNA sequence.[11] Of the three structures originally proposed for this tRNA,[10] the 'cloverleaf' structure was independently proposed in several following publications.[12][13][14][15] The cloverleaf secondary structure was finalised following X-ray crystallography analysis performed by two independent research groups in 1974.[16][17]
Ribosomal RNA was next to be discovered, followed by URNA in the early 1980s. Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with snoRNAs, Xist, CRISPR and many more.[18] Recent notable additions include riboswitches and miRNA, the discovery of the RNAi mechanism associated with the latter earned Craig C. Mello and Andrew Fire the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[19]
Biological roles of ncRNA[edit]
Noncoding RNAs belong to several groups and are involved in many cellular processes. These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species. The more conserved ncRNAs are thought to be molecular fossils or relics from LUCA and the RNA world.[20][21][22]
ncRNAs in translation[edit]
An illustration of the central dogma of molecular biology annotated with the processes ncRNAs are involved in. RNPs are shown in red, ncRNAs are shown in blue.
Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit from Haloarcula marismortui. Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA strands in orange and yellow.[23] The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.
Many of the conserved, essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in translation. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles called ribosomes are the 'factories' where translation takes place in the cell. The ribosome consists of more than 60% ribosomal RNA, these are made up of 3 ncRNAs in prokaryotes and 4 ncRNAs in eukaryotes. Ribosomal RNAs catalyse the translation of nucleotide sequences to protein. Another set of ncRNAs, Transfer RNAs, form an 'adaptor molecule' between mRNA and protein. The H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs are ncRNAs found in archaea and eukaryotes, RNase MRP is restricted to eukaryotes, both groups of ncRNA are involved in the maturation of rRNA. The snoRNAs guide covalent modifications of rRNA, tRNA and snRNAs, RNase MRP cleaves the internal transcribed spacer 1 between 18S and 5.8S rRNAs. The ubiquitous ncRNA, RNase P, is an evolutionary relative of RNase MRP.[24] RNase P matures tRNA sequences by generating mature 5'-ends of tRNAs through cleaving the 5'-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Another ubiquitous RNP called SRP recognizes and transports specific nascent proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. In bacteria Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is an RNP involved in rescuing stalled ribosomes, tagging incomplete polypeptides and promoting the degradation of aberrant mRNA.
ncRNAs in RNA splicing[edit]
Electron microscopy images of the yeast spliceosome. Note the bulk of the complex is in fact ncRNA.
In eukaryotes the spliceosome performs the splicing reactions essential for removing intron sequences, this process is required for the formation of mature mRNA. The spliceosome is another RNP often also known as the snRNP or tri-snRNP. There are two different forms of the spliceosome, the major and minor forms. The ncRNA components of the major spliceosome are U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. The ncRNA components of the minor spliceosome are U11, U12, U5, U4atac and U6atac.
Another group of introns can catalyse their own removal from host transcripts, these are called self-splicing RNAs. There are two main groups of self-splicing RNAs, these are the group I catalytic intron and group II catalytic intron. These ncRNAs catalyze their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA precursors in a wide range of organisms.
In mammals it has been found that snoRNAs can also regulate the alternative splicing of mRNA, for example snoRNA HBII-52 regulates the splicing of serotonin receptor 2C.[25]
In nematodes, the SmY ncRNA appears to be involved in mRNA trans-splicing.
ncRNAs in gene regulation[edit]
The expression of many thousands of genes are regulated by ncRNAs. This regulation can occur in trans or in cis.
Trans-acting ncRNAs[edit]
In higher eukaryotes microRNAs regulate gene expression. A single miRNA can reduce the expression levels of hundreds of genes. The mechanism by which mature miRNA molecules act is through partial complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, generally in 3' UTRs. The main function of miRNAs is to down-regulate gene expression.
The ncRNA RNase P has also been shown to influence gene expression. In the human nucleus RNase P is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various ncRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These include tRNA, 5S rRNA, SRP RNA, and U6 snRNA genes. RNase P exerts its role in transcription through association with Pol III and chromatin of active tRNA and 5S rRNA genes.[26]
It has been shown that 7SK RNA, a metazoan ncRNA, acts as a negative regulator of the RNA polymerase II elongation factor P-TEFb, and that this activity is influenced by stress response pathways.
The bacterial ncRNA, 6S RNA, specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70 specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a sigma70-dependent promoter during stationary phase.
Another bacterial ncRNA, OxyS RNA represses translation by binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequences thereby occluding ribosome binding. OxyS RNA is induced in response to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli.
The B2 RNA is a small noncoding RNA polymerase III transcript that represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock in mouse cells. B2 RNA inhibits transcription by binding to core Pol II. Through this interaction, B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation complexes at the promoter and blocks RNA synthesis.[27]
A recent study has shown that just the act of transcription of ncRNA sequence can have an influence on gene expression. RNA polymerase II transcription of ncRNAs is required for chromatin remodelling in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Chromatin is progressively converted to an open configuration, as several species of ncRNAs are transcribed.[28]
Cis-acting ncRNAs[edit]
Main articles: Five prime untranslated region and Three prime untranslated region
A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5' UTRs (Untranslated Regions) of protein coding genes and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a riboswitch can directly bind a small target molecule, the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.
RNA leader sequences are found upstream of the first gene of in amino acid biosynthetic operons. These RNA elements form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are Histidine operon leader, Leucine operon leader, Threonine operon leader and the Tryptophan operon leader.
Iron response elements (IRE) are bound by iron response proteins (IRP). The IRE is found in UTRs of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.
Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are a RNA structure that allow for translation initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of protein synthesis.
ncRNAs and genome defense[edit]
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) expressed in mammalian testes and somatic cells form RNA-protein complexes with Piwi proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of retrotransposons and other genetic elements in germ line cells, particularly those in spermatogenesis.
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are repeats found in the DNA of many bacteria and archaea. The repeats are separated by spacers of similar length. It has been demonstrated that these spacers can be derived from phage and subsequently help protect the cell from infection.
ncRNAs and chromosome structure[edit]
Telomerase is an RNP enzyme that adds specific DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in vertebrates) to telomeric regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. The telomeres contain condensed DNA material, giving stability to the chromosomes. The enzyme is a reverse transcriptase that carries Telomerase RNA, which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres, which are shortened after each replication cycle.
Xist (X-inactive-specific transcript) is a long ncRNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as major effector of the X chromosome inactivation process forming Barr bodies. An antisense RNA, Tsix, is a negative regulator of Xist. X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated more frequently than normal chromosomes. In drosophilids, which also use an XY sex-determination system, the roX (RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in dosage compensation.[29] Both Xist and roX operate by epigenetic regulation of transcription through the recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes.
Bifunctional RNA[edit]
Bifunctional RNAs, or dual-function RNAs, are RNAs that have two distinct functions.[30][31] The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are both mRNAs that encode a protein and ncRNAs. However there are also a growing number of ncRNAs that fall into two different ncRNA categories; e.g., H/ACA box snoRNA and miRNA.[32][33]
Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are SgrS RNA and RNAIII. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist (e.g., steroid receptor activator/SRA,[34] VegT RNA,[35][36] Oskar RNA,[37] ENOD40,[38] p53 RNA[39] and SR1 RNA.[40] Bifunctional RNAs have recently been the subject of a special issue of Biochimie.[41]
ncRNAs and disease[edit]
See also: Long noncoding RNA#Long non-coding RNAs in disease
As with proteins, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases.
Cancer[edit]
Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in cancerous tissues. These include miRNAs,[42] long mRNA-like ncRNAs,[43][44] GAS5,[45] SNORD50,[46] telomerase RNA and Y RNAs.[47] The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes,[48][49] the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication,[50] telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends telomeric regions at chromosome ends (see telomeres and disease for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.
Germ-line mutations in miR-16-1 and miR-15 primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to control populations.[51][52]
It has been suggested that a rare SNP (rs11614913) that overlaps has-mir-196a2 has been found to be associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma.[53] Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs miR-17 and miR-30c-1, these patients were noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.[54]
The p53 tumor suppressor is arguably the most important player in preventing tumor formation and progression. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In addition to its crucial role in cancer, p53 has been implicated in other diseases including diabetes, cell death after ischemia, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer. Studies have suggested that p53 expression is subject to regulation by non-coding RNA.[4]
Prader–Willi syndrome[edit]
The deletion of the 48 copies of the C/D box snoRNA SNORD116 has been shown to be the primary cause of Prader–Willi syndrome.[55][56][57][58] Prader–Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target sites within a number of protein-coding genes, and could have a role in regulating alternative splicing.[59]
Autism[edit]
The chromosomal locus containing the small nucleolar RNA SNORD115 gene cluster has been duplicated in approximately 5% of individuals with autistic traits.[60][61] A mouse model engineered to have a duplication of the SNORD115 cluster displays autistic-like behaviour.[62] A recent small study of post-mortem brain tissue demonstrated altered expression of long non-coding RNAs in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of autistic brains as compared to controls. [63]
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia[edit]
Mutations within RNase MRP have been shown to cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia, a disease associated with an array of symptoms such as short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities and a suppressed immune system that is frequent among Amish and Finnish.[64][65][66] The best characterised variant is an A-to-G transition at nucleotide 70 that is in a loop region two bases 5' of a conserved pseudoknot. However, many other mutations within RNase MRP also cause CHH.
Alzheimer's disease[edit]
The antisense RNA, BACE1-AS is transcribed from the opposite strand to BACE1 and is upregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease.[67] BACE1-AS regulates the expression of BACE1 by increasing BACE1 mRNA stability and generating additional BACE1 through a post-transcriptional feed-forward mechanism. By the same mechanism it also raises concentrations of beta amyloid, the main constituent of senile plaques. BACE1-AS concentrations are elevated in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.
miR-96 and hearing loss[edit]
Variation within the seed region of mature miR-96 has been associated with autosomal dominant, progressive hearing loss in humans and mice. The homozygous mutant mice were profoundly deaf, showing no cochlear responses. Heterozygous mice and humans progressively lose the ability to hear.[68][69][70]
Distinction between functional RNA (fRNA) and ncRNA[edit]
Several publications[71][72][73] have started using the term functional RNA (fRNA), as opposed to ncRNA, to describe regions functional at the RNA level that may or may not be stand-alone RNA transcripts. Therefore, every ncRNA is a fRNA, but there exist fRNA (such as riboswitches, SECIS elements, and other cis-regulatory regions) that are not ncRNA. Yet the term fRNA could also include mRNA as this is RNA coding for protein and hence is functional. Additionally artificially evolved RNAs also fall under the fRNA umbrella term. Some publications[18] state that the terms ncRNA and fRNA are nearly synonymous.
See also[edit]
- Extracellular RNA
- List of RNAs
- Nucleic acid structure
- Rfam
- Riboswitch
- Ribozyme
- RNAs present in environmental samples
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
- Comprehensive database of mammalian ncRNAs
- The Rfam Database — a curated list of hundreds of families of related ncRNAs.
- NONCODE.org — a free database of all kinds of noncoding RNAs (except tRNAs and rRNAs).
- Joint ncRNA Database — over 30,000 individual sequences from 99 species of bacteria, archaea and eukaryota
- ENCODE threads explorer Non-coding RNA characterization. Nature (journal)
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English Journal
- Long non-coding RNA GAS5 regulates apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines.
- Pickard MR, Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Williams GT.SourceApoptosis Research Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele ST5 5BG, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.r.pickard@keele.ac.uk.
- Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Oct;1832(10):1613-23. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 May 12.
- While the role of small non-coding RNAs, such as miRNAs, in apoptosis control is well established, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have received less attention. Growth Arrest-Specific 5 (GAS5) encodes multiple snoRNAs within its introns, while exonic sequences produce lncRNA which can act as a ribore
- PMID 23676682
- Japanese encephalitis virus non-coding RNA inhibits activation of interferon by blocking nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3.
- Chang RY, Hsu TW, Chen YL, Liu SF, Tsai YJ, Lin YT, Chen YS, Fan YH.SourceInstitute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: rchang@mail.ndhu.edu.tw.
- Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2013 Sep 27;166(1-2):11-21. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.026. Epub 2013 May 9.
- Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) plays a critical role in modulating a broad range of diseases. All arthropod-borne flaviviruses produce short fragment ncRNA (sfRNA) collinear with highly conserved regions of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) in the viral genome. We show that the molar ratio of sfRNA to genomic
- PMID 23755934
- Over-expression of the miRNA cluster at chromosome 14q32 in the alcoholic brain correlates with suppression of predicted target mRNA required for oligodendrocyte proliferation.
- Manzardo AM, Gunewardena S, Butler MG.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: amanzardo@kumc.edu.
- Gene.Gene.2013 Sep 10;526(2):356-63. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.052. Epub 2013 Jun 6.
- We examined miRNA expression from RNA isolated from the frontal cortex (Broadman area 9) of 9 alcoholics (6 males, 3 females, mean age 48 years) and 9 matched controls using both the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 2.0 and Human Exon 1.0 ST Arrays to further characterize genetic influences in alcoholism a
- PMID 23747354
Japanese Journal
- Bidirectional promoters are the major source of gene activation-associated non-coding RNAs in mammals.
- Uesaka Masahiro,Nishimura Osamu,Go Yasuhiro,Nakashima Kinichi,Agata Kiyokazu,Imamura Takuya
- BMC genomics 15, 2014-01-17
- … [Background]The majority of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved in mRNA metabolism in mammals have been believed to downregulate the corresponding mRNA expression level in a pre- or post-transcriptional manner by forming short or long ncRNA-mRNA duplex structures. … [Conclusions]We propose that single-stranded ncRNA resulting from head-to-head transcription at GC-rich sequences regulates tissue-specific gene expression. …
- NAID 120005367807
- RNA biologyからみた神経変性疾患の病態機序(3)ノンコーディングRNAと神経変性疾患 (第1土曜特集 神経変性疾患 : 研究と診療の進歩) -- (神経変性疾患の病態機序の解明)
- 河原 行郎
- 医学のあゆみ 247(5), 421-426, 2013-11-02
- NAID 40019848563
- YY1 binds to α-synuclein 3'-flanking region SNP and stimulates antisense noncoding RNA expression
- Mizuta Ikuko,Takafuji Kazuaki,Ando Yuko [他]
- Journal of human genetics 58(11), 711-719, 2013-11
- NAID 40019875094
Related Links
- ncRNA KnowledgeBase Up one level A collection of information related to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Known ncRNAs A comprehensive list of GenomeBrowser views for known ...
- ncRNA.org is the portal site for bioinformatics tools and databases spcialized for functional RNAs. The developments in this cite were partially supported by "The ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「非翻訳RNA」「untranslated RNA」「nontranslated RNA」 |
「非翻訳RNA」
- 英
- untranslated RNA、nontranslated RNA、noncoding RNA、ncRNA
- 関
- 非コードRNA、非・訳性RNA、非・訳型RNA
「untranslated RNA」
- 非・訳RNA、非・訳性RNA、非・訳型RNA
「nontranslated RNA」
- 非・訳RNA