WordNet

an instrument used for navigating
equip with instruments for measuring, recording, or controlling
the means whereby some act is accomplished; "my greed was the instrument of my destruction"; "science has given us new tools to fight disease" (同)tool
a device that requires skill for proper use
a person used by another to gain an end (同)pawn, cat''s-paw
write an instrumental score for (同)instrumentate
address a legal document to
the guidance of ships or airplanes from place to place (同)pilotage, piloting
ship traffic; "the channel will be open to navigation as soon as the ice melts"
of or relating to navigation; "navigational aids"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(主として精密な)『器具』,器械,計器・(また『musical instrument』)『楽器』) / 手段,方便（means）;(人の)手先 / 法律文書(証書・遺書・協定書・約束手形など)
(船・飛行機の)『航行』 / 航海術,航空術

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/07/25 00:21:26」(JST)

wiki en

Navigational instruments refers to the instruments used by nautical navigators and pilots as tools of their trade. The purpose of navigation is to ascertain the present position and to determine the speed, direction etc. to arrive at the port or point of destination.

Charts and drafting instruments

Charts are maps of the areas to be navigated with details specific to the marine environment.
Computing aids: used in the necessary mathematical calculations. Today electronic computers or calculators are used. Other traditional aids used included tables (trigonometric, logarithms, etc.) and slide rules.
Dividers used for measuring lengths of lines and approximate lengths of non-linear paths on a chart.
Nautical almanac used to determine the position in the sky of a celestial body after a sight has been taken.
Parallel rules used for transferring a line to a parallel position. Also used to compare the orientation of a line to a magnetic or geographic orientation on a compass rose.

Direct measuring

Chip log and sand glass serve to measure the ship's speed through the water.
Sounding line used to measure the depth of the water and to pick up samples from the bottom.

Position finding instruments

Celestial navigation instruments

These instruments are used primarily to measure the elevation or altitude of a celestial object:

Back staff, the best known of which is the Davis' quadrant. It could measure the altitude of the sun without having the navigator directly observe the sun.
Cross staff, an older instrument long out of use.
Kamal Very simple instrument used primarily by Arabian navigators. It consists of a small board with a knotted piece of twine through the center. The observer holds one of the knots in his mouth and extends the board away so that the edges make a constant angle with his eyes.
Mariner's astrolabe Derived from the astrolabe, it was developed in late 15th century and found use in the 16th to 17th centuries. It was replaced by the back staff and later by the octant and sextant.
Quadrant A very simple instrument which used a plumb bob.

These instruments are also used to measure the angular distance between objects:

Octant, invented in 1731. The first widely accepted instrument that could measure an angle without being strongly affected by movement.
Sextant, derived from the octant in 1757, eventually made all previous instruments used for the same purpose obsolete.

Bearing instruments

Pelorus used to determine bearings relative to the ship's heading of landmarks, other ships, etc.

Compasses

Bearing compass used to determine magnetic bearings of landmarks, other ships or celestial bodies.
Magnetic compass used to determine the magnetic heading of the ship.

Timekeeping

Marine chronometer used to determine time at the prime meridian with great precision which is necessary when reducing sights in celestial navigation.
Nocturnal used to determine apparent local time by viewing the Polaris and its surrounding stars.
Ring dial or astronomical ring used to measure the height of a celestial body above the horizon. It could be used to find the altitude of the sun or determine local time. It let sunlight shine through a small orifice on the rim of the instrument. The point of light striking the far side of the instrument gave the altitude or tell time.

All those mentioned were the traditional instruments used until well into the second half of the 20th century. After World War II electronic aids to navigation developed very rapidly and, to a great extent, replaced more traditional tools. Electronic speed and depth finders have totally replaced their older counterparts. Radar has become widespread even in small boats. Some Electronic aids to navigation like LORAN have already become obsolete themselves and have been replaced by GPS.

External links

How to use the dividers
How to use the parallel rulers
Navigational Instruments at The Mariners' Museum

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 肺末梢病変の画像誘導下肺生検のための気管支鏡検査image guided bronchoscopy for biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions [show details]
…procedures or as a navigational tool for biopsy (VBN). Further details regarding VB are provided separately. Navigation bronchoscopy (NB) uses a navigational system to guide instruments (eg, flexible or …
2. ロボット支援下腹腔鏡検査robot assisted laparoscopy [show details]
… conventional instruments pass through the incision, thereby leading to inversion of movement from the surgeon hand to the working end of the instrument . When an instrument is introduced… Supervisory – Robot serves as a navigational aid or a precise positioning system (usually using…
3. 成人における軟性気管支鏡検査：準備、手技および合併症flexible bronchoscopy in adults preparation procedural technique and complications [show details]
… the tracheobronchial tree by placing an optical instrument inside the airways.… (TBB; including blind TBB and TBB with radiographic or navigational guidance) Needle aspiration or biopsy Therapeutic…
4. 成人における軟性気管支鏡検査：概要flexible bronchoscopy in adults overview [show details]
… visualizes the tracheobronchial tree by placing an optical instrument inside the airways.… Virtual Navigation Bronchoscopy (VNB) is used as a navigational tool to enhance the diagnostic utility of invasive modalities (eg,…
5. 胸部に行う低侵襲手術の概要overview of minimally invasive thoracic surgery [show details]
…aid surgeon instrument control. The essential difference between VATS and RATS is that with VATS, the surgeon holds the instruments, whereas with RATS, the surgeon controls the instruments from the console …

English Journal

A new method for cranial vault reconstruction: Augmented reality in synostotic plagiocephaly surgery.

Han W, Yang X, Wu S, Fan S, Chen X, Aung ZM, Liu T, Zhang Y, Gu S, Chai G.
Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2019 Jun;().
Augmented reality (AR) is considered to be a valuable tool in craniofacial surgery for preoperative design, intraoperative navigation, and postoperative assessment. Corrective surgery is necessary synostotic plagiocephaly for functional and aesthetic outcomes. Open calvarial reconstruction is a diff
PMID 31337569

Sialoendoscopy: Review and Nuances of Technique.

, C C, S S, S S, .
Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery. 2019 Mar;18(1)1-10.
Sialoendoscopy is a nuanced technique of transluminal management of obstructive and nonneoplastic pathology of the major salivary glands. Techniques have been refined in the last two decades due to advances in optical and endoscopic instrumentation. This minimally invasive technique has both diagnos
PMID 30728684

The Optimal Design of Modulation Angular Rate for MEMS-Based Rotary Semi-SINS.

Zhang J, Li J, Che X, Zhang X, Hu C, Feng K, Xu T.
Micromachines. 2019 Feb;10(2).
In previous studies, the semi-strapdown inertial navigation system (SSINS), based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors, had realized cross-range measurement of attitude information of high-spinning projectiles through construction of a "spin reduction" platform of the roll axis. However,
PMID 30744194

Japanese Journal

魚群探知機エコーとGPS測位によるメタンプルーム位置特定

千葉元,竹内章,畠俊郎,八木光晴
日本航海学会論文集 134(0), 73-80, 2016
In this study, we identified the position of a methane plum in the Joetsu Basin by analyzing echo sounder images and GPS data. First, we observed the methane plume echo imagery, obtained using a quant …
NAID 130005162010

画像処理技術を用いた着離棧操船支援用数値情報の取得

平田法隆,西嶋孝典,垣野文彦
日本航海学会論文集 129(0), 99-104, 2013
When berthing a large vessel, ship handling is very difficult. Although a lot of information such as the ship speed, yaw rate, distance to the berth, tags status, wind direction, wind speed, safety ch …
NAID 130004623003

携帯情報端末を活用した航海計器情報の共有

濱地義法,江崎修央,石田邦光 [他],鈴木秀司
日本航海学会論文集 126(0), 73-79, 2012
… Recently, because a nautical instrument progressed, the navigational officer don't need to find a position on a paper chart . … Therefore the device which can monitor nautical instrument information anywhere anytime is effective in the bridge. …
NAID 110009419125