WordNet

an elongated rectangular bone that forms the bridge of the nose (同)nasal_bone, os_nasale
a drug that decreases pulmonary congestion

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《名詞の前にのみ用いて》鼻の / 鼻声の / (音声が)鼻音の / (音声で)鼻音;鼻音字([m][n][g])
(特に,鼻炎の)消炎剤

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/02 20:09:07」(JST)

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A decongestant (or nasal decongestant) is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient in most decongestants is either pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine (the latter of which has disputed efficacy).

These are alpha-agonists which on topical application as dilute solution (0.05-0.1%) produce local vasoconstriction. Regular use of these agents for long periods should be avoided because mucosal ciliary function is impaired: atrophic rhinitis and anosmia can occur due to persistent vasoconstriction.

Decongestants can be absorbed from the nose via an inhaler and produce systemic effects, mainly CNS stimulation and rise in blood pressure. These drugs should be used cautiously in hypertensives and in those receiving MAO inhibitors.

Pharmacology

The vast majority of decongestants act via enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the α-adrenergic receptors. This induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat, and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced inflammation (swelling) and mucus formation in these areas.

Decongestant nasal sprays and eye drops often contain oxymetazoline and are used for topical decongestion. Pseudoephedrine acts indirectly on the adrenergic receptor system, whereas phenylephrine and oxymetazoline are direct agonists. The effects are not limited to the nose, and these medicines may cause hypertension (high blood pressure) through vasoconstriction. Most decongestants, however, are not pronounced stimulants, due to lack of response from the other adrenoreceptors. Besides hypertension, common side-effects include sleeplessness, anxiety, dizziness, excitability, and nervousness.

Topical nasal or ophthalmic decongestants quickly develop tachyphylaxis (a rapid decrease in the response to a drug after repeated doses over a short period of time). Long-term use is not recommended, since these agents lose effectiveness after a few days.

Lists

Common decongestants include:

Ephedrine
Levomethamphetamine
Naphazoline
Oxymetazoline
Phenylephrine
Phenylpropanolamine
Propylhexedrine
Synephrine
Tetrahydrozoline
Xylometazoline
Pseudoephedrine—controlled in some jurisdictions for over the counter use
Tramazoline

Uncommon or discontinued decongestants include:

Cafaminol
Cyclopentamine
Epinephrine
Fenoxazoline
Levonordefrin
Mephentermine
Metizoline
Norepinephrine
Tuaminoheptane
Tymazoline

References

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における感冒：治療および予防 the common cold in adults treatment and prevention
2. アレルギー性鼻炎の薬物療法 pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis
3. The common cold in children: Management and prevention
4. 鼻炎の概要 an overview of rhinitis
5. 鼻閉塞の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment of nasal obstruction

English Journal

Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways.

Fiebich BL, Collado JA, Stratz C, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Muñoz E, Bellido LM.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Freiburg, Germany.
Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.2012 Feb;34(1):98-106. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is a stereoisomer of ephedrine that is commonly used as a nasal decongestant in combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs for the symptomatic treatment of some common pathologies such as common cold. Herein, we describe for the first time the effects of PSE on T-cell activ
PMID 21631396

The role of rhinomanometry after nasal decongestant test in the assessment of adenoid hypertrophy in children.

Zicari AM, Magliulo G, Rugiano A, Ragusa G, Celani C, Carbone MP, Occasi F, Duse M.SourceDepartment of Pediatric Science, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
INTRODUCTION: Nasal respiratory obstruction is a very common otolaryngologic problem, often caused by adenoid hypertrophy (AH). Nasal fiberoptic endoscopy (NFE) represents the gold standard method to diagnose AH. Rhinomanometry represents a valid diagnostic support.OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study wa
PMID 22209257

Sinusitis (acute).

Ah-See K.SourceAberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK.
Clinical evidence.Clin Evid (Online).2011 Dec 21;2011. pii: 0511.
INTRODUCTION: Acute sinusitis is defined pathologically, by transient inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses lasting less than 4 weeks. Clinically, it is characterised by nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, facial pain, hyposmia, sneezing, and, if more severe, additional malaise and
PMID 22189346