narration

　 　 　

WordNet

1. the act of giving an account describing incidents or a course of events; "his narration was hesitant" (同)recital, yarn
2. (rhetoric) the second section of an oration in which the facts are set forth

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉(‥について)『話をすること』,物語ること《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉物語(narrative) / 〈U〉(文法上の)話法
2. =indirect speech
3. =direct speech

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/28 20:19:32」(JST)

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"Narration" redirects here. For the English band, see Narration (band).

This article is about the dramatic device. For the Microsoft software, see Microsoft Narrator. For the Doctor Who character, see Rassilon.

A narrator is, within any story (literary work, movie, play, verbal account, etc.), the non-fictional or fictional, personal or impersonal entity who tells the story to the audience. When the narrator is also a character within the story, he or she is sometimes known as the first person. The narrator is one of three entities responsible for story-telling of any kind. The others are the author and the audience; the latter called the "reader" when referring specifically to literature.

The author and the audience both inhabit the real world. It is the author's function to create the universe, people, and events within the story. It is the audience's function to understand and interpret the story. The narrator only exists within the world of the story (and only there—although in non-fiction the narrator and the author can share the same persona, since the real world and the world of the story may be the same) and present it in a way the audience can comprehend.

A narrator may tell the story from his or her own point of view (as a fictive entity) or from the point of view of one of the characters in the story. The act or process of telling the particulars of a story is referred to as narration. Along with exposition, argumentation, and description, narration (broadly defined) is one of four rhetorical modes of discourse. More narrowly defined, narration is the fiction-writing mode whereby the narrator communicates directly to the reader.

The concept of the unreliable narrator (as opposed to "author") became more prominent with the rise of the novel in the 18th century. Until the late 19th century, literary criticism as an academic exercise dealt solely with poetry (including epic poems like the Iliad and Paradise Lost, and poetic drama like Shakespeare). Most poems did not have a narrator distinct from the author. But novels, with their immersive fictional worlds, created a problem, especially when the narrator's views differed significantly from those of the author.

Perspective, interpretive knowledge, focalization and structure are the narrator's characterisa viewpoint character is Dr. Watson from the Sherlock Holmes stories. Almost all of the Sherlock Holmes collection is from his point of view.

Types of narrators

Narrative modes

A writer's choice in the narrator is crucial for the way a work of fiction is perceived by the reader. Most narrators present their story from one of the following perspectives (called narrative modes): first-person, or third-person limited or omniscient. Generally, a first-person narrator brings greater focus on the feelings, opinions, and perceptions of a particular character in a story, and on how the character views the world and the views of other characters. If the writer's intention is to get inside the world of a character, then it is a good choice, although a third-person limited narrator is an alternative that does not require the writer to reveal all that a first-person character would know. By contrast, a third-person omniscient narrator gives a panoramic view of the world of the story, looking into many characters and into the broader background of a story. A third-person omniscient narrator can tell feelings of every character. For stories in which the context and the views of many characters are important, a third-person narrator is a better choice. However, a third-person narrator does not need to be an omnipresent guide, but instead may merely be the protagonist referring to himself in the third person (also known as third person limited narrator).

Multiple narrators

A writer may choose to let several narrators tell the story from different points of view. Then it is up to the reader to decide which narrator seems most reliable for each part of the story. It may refer to the style of the writer in which he/she expresses the paragraph written. See for instance the works of Louise Erdrich. William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying is a prime example of the use of multiple narrators. Faulkner employs stream of consciousness by narrating the story from the first person view of multiple characters. Each chapter is devoted to the voice of a single character after whom it is titled. Some writers employ an alternate form of this style, in which multiple characters narrate the story at once, or at least a single character narrates the actions of a group of characters while never referring to a "me", and only to a "we" of the group. The technique of narrating from the point of view of a group as opposed to an individual can create a dissociative effect of observation, as if a Greek chorus, or personalize the story further by providing the reader with the knowledge and experience of a party involved in the story, without the unrelatable specifics of an individual personality or character. Examples of first-person plural narration include Chuck Palahniuk's Haunted and Jeffrey Eugenides' The Virgin Suicides.

In literary work, the narrator is the person who tells the story. Point of view is the narrator's relationship to the story. In a story using first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story. The reader sees everything through that character's eyes. In a work with third-person limited point of view, the narrator is outside the story and reveals the thoughts and feelings of only one character.

See also

• Film theory
• Free indirect speech
• Voice-over

References

External links

• The Narrator short film
• Narrator in different languages
• Directory of International voice talent for narrations
• UK based voice overs and narrators
• The Narrator
• Summary of narrator

English Journal

• A social constructionist account of grief: loss and the narration of meaning.

• Neimeyer RA1, Klass D, Dennis MR.
• Death studies.Death Stud.2014 Sep;38(8):485-98. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2014.913454. Epub 2014 May 21.
• In contrast to dominant Western conceptions of bereavement in largely intrapsychic terms, the authors argue that grief or mourning is not primarily an interior process, but rather one that is intricately social, as the bereaved commonly seek meaning in this unsought transition in not only personal a
• PMID 24738824

• Linguistic and pragmatic aspects of narration in Finnish typically developing children and children with specific language impairment.

• Mäkinen L1, Loukusa S, Laukkanen P, Leinonen E, Kunnari S.
• Clinical linguistics & phonetics.Clin Linguist Phon.2014 Jun;28(6):413-27. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2013.875592. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
• This study investigates narratives of Finnish children with specific language impairment (SLI) from linguistic and pragmatic perspectives, in order to get a comprehensive overview of these children's narrative abilities. Nineteen children with SLI (mean age 6;1 years) and 19 typically developing age
• PMID 24446795

• Constructing creationists: French and British narratives and policies in the wake of the resurgence of anti-evolution movements.

• Krasnodębski M.
• Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences.Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci.2014 Apr 24. pii: S1369-8486(14)00037-5. doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.03.008. [Epub ahead of print]
• Creationism is an ambiguous term used in a variety of contexts: political, scientific, religious and educational. This paper attempts to trace the discourse on creationism in two European countries (France and the United Kingdom) and show how different cultural backgrounds shape the construction of
• PMID 24768287

• Engaging nurses to strengthen medication safety: Fostering and capturing change with restorative photographic research methods.

• Gimenes FR1, Marck PB, Atila EG, Cassiani SH.
• International journal of nursing practice.Int J Nurs Pract.2014 Apr 14. doi: 10.1111/ijn.12304. [Epub ahead of print]
• We used participatory photographic research methods adapted from the field of ecological restoration to engage Brazilian intensive care unit nurses in a critical review of medication safety in their work environment. Using focus groups, practitioner-led photo walkabouts with photo narration, and pho
• PMID 24724623

Japanese Journal

• 地域社会分析から捉えるスポーツ活動(2) : 地域代表者の語りを通して

• 後藤 貴浩
• 熊本大学教育学部紀要. 人文科学 61, 173-182, 2012-12-12
• NAID 110009523688

• The Narration on Madame Bovary's Body : A gender-conscious description of Emme's body

• 野田(水町) いおり
• 名古屋市立大学大学院人間文化研究科人間文化研究 (18), 151-165, 2012-12
• NAID 40019548948

• 源氏物語の表現と語りの構造 : 帚木巻後半部分の分析を中心として

• 大久保 弦
• 福井工業高等専門学校研究紀要. 人文・社会科学 (46), 66-59, 2012-12
• NAID 40019548534

• Translating Time : Past and Present in Haruki Murakami's Norwegian Wood

• Yuli restiani
• 比較社会文化研究 32, 29-38, 2012-09-20
• … This study looks into the translation of Historical Present （HP） featured in Japanese literature translated into the tenseless language Indonesian at two levels: the narration level and the conversation level. … At the narration level, the presence of consciousness maintains visible in the Indonesian translation. …
• NAID 120004756220

Related Links

• Narrator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A narrator is, within any story (literary work, movie, play, verbal account, etc.), the non-fictional or fictional, personal or impersonal entity who tells the story to the audience. When the narrator is also a character within the story, he or she is ...

• Examples of Narration - Examples - YourDictionary

Examples of narration can give you some insight into the literary style.

• Narration | Define Narration at Dictionary.com

a recital of events, especially in chronological order, as the story narrated in a poem or the exposition in a drama. 4. Rhetoric. (in classical speech) the third part , the exposition of the question.

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