ナノスケール、ナノメートル尺度

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/31 11:23:36」(JST)

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A comparison of the scales of various biological and technological objects.

The nanoscopic scale (or nanoscale) usually refers to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology, usually cited as 1–100 nanometers.^[1] A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. The nanoscopic scale is (roughly speaking) a lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for most solids.

For technical purposes, the nanoscopic scale is the size at which fluctuations in the averaged properties (due to the motion and behavior of individual particles) begin to have a significant effect (often a few percent) on the behavior of a system, and must be taken into account in its analysis.

The nanoscopic scale is sometimes marked as the point where the properties of a material change; above this point, the properties of a material are caused by 'bulk' or 'volume' effects, namely which atoms are present, how they are bonded, and in what ratios. Below this point, the properties of a material change, and while the type of atoms present and their relative orientations are still important, 'surface area effects' (also referred to as quantum effects) become more apparent – these effects are due to the geometry of the material (how thick it is, how wide it is, etc.), which, at these low dimensions, can have a drastic effect on quantized states, and thus the properties of a material.

On October 8, 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy," which brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".^[2]^[3]^[4]

References

^ Hornyak, Gabor L. (2009). Fundamentals of Nanotechnology. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group.
^ Ritter, Karl; Rising, Malin (October 8, 2014). "2 Americans, 1 German win chemistry Nobel". AP News. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ Chang, Kenneth (October 8, 2014). "2 Americans and a German Are Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry". New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ Rincon, Paul (8 October 2014). "Microscope work wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry". BBC News. Retrieved November 3, 2014.

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1. 骨格組織転移部位の画像ガイド下焼灼術 image guided ablation of skeletal metastases
2. 肺腫瘍の画像ガイド下焼灼術 image guided ablation of lung tumors

English Journal

Comparative hazard identification of nano- and micro-sized cerium oxide particles based on 28-day inhalation studies in rats.

Gosens I, Mathijssen LE, Bokkers BG, Muijser H, Cassee FR.Author information National Institute of Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.AbstractAbstract There are many uncertainties regarding the hazard of nanosized particles compared to the bulk material of the parent chemical. Here, the authors assess the comparative hazard of two nanoscale (NM-211 and NM-212) and one microscale (NM-213) cerium oxide materials in 28-day inhalation toxicity studies in rats (according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development technical guidelines). All three materials gave rise to a dose-dependent pulmonary inflammation and lung cell damage but without gross pathological changes immediately after exposure. Following NM-211 and NM-212 exposure, epithelial cell injury was observed in the recovery groups. There was no evidence of systemic inflammation or other haematological changes following exposure of any of the three particle types. The comparative hazard was quantified by application of the benchmark concentration approach. The relative toxicity was explored in terms of three exposure metrics. When exposure levels were expressed as mass concentration, nanosized NM-211 was the most potent material, whereas when expression levels were based on surface area concentration, micro-sized NM-213 material induced the greatest extent of pulmonary inflammation/damage. Particles were equipotent based on particle number concentrations. In conclusion, similar pulmonary toxicity profiles including inflammation are observed for all three materials with little quantitative differences. Systemic effects were virtually absent. There is little evidence for a dominant predicting exposure metric for the observed effects.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Sep;8:643-53. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.815814. Epub 2013 Jul 8.
Abstract There are many uncertainties regarding the hazard of nanosized particles compared to the bulk material of the parent chemical. Here, the authors assess the comparative hazard of two nanoscale (NM-211 and NM-212) and one microscale (NM-213) cerium oxide materials in 28-day inhalation toxicit
PMID 23768316

Assessment of orally dosed commercial silver nanoparticles on human ex vivo platelet aggregation.

Smock KJ, Schmidt RL, Hadlock G, Stoddard G, Grainger DW, Munger MA.Author information Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Health Sciences, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, UT 84112 , USA.AbstractAbstract Enhanced in vitro human and ex vivo rat platelet aggregation from direct exposure to silver nanoparticles is previously reported. Given the increasing human use of engineered silver nanoscale products, platelet aggregation prompted by silver nanoparticles may contribute to human cardiovascular events. To understand how direct washed platelet exposure to silver nanoparticles translates to ex vivo platelet aggregation, the authors conducted a placebo-controlled, single-blind, dose-monitored, cross-over study design in 18 healthy human volunteers. After 2 weeks of daily oral silver nanoparticle ingestion, platelet aggregation was evaluated by light transmission aggregometry in response to collagen and ADP agonists, both at baseline and after silver nanoparticle or placebo diluent oral dosing. Final percent aggregation (PA) and the changes in PA were determined using a paired design (i.e., active and placebo solutions). Enhanced ex vivo platelet activation was not detectable at peak serum silver concentrations <10 µg/L. Further studies of colloidal silver nanoparticles on human platelet activities are warranted.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 May;8:328-33. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.788749. Epub 2013 May 2.
Abstract Enhanced in vitro human and ex vivo rat platelet aggregation from direct exposure to silver nanoparticles is previously reported. Given the increasing human use of engineered silver nanoscale products, platelet aggregation prompted by silver nanoparticles may contribute to human cardiovascu
PMID 23517080

Application of a quantitative weight of evidence approach for ranking and prioritising occupational exposure scenarios for titanium dioxide and carbon nanomaterials.

Hristozov DR, Gottardo S, Cinelli M, Isigonis P, Zabeo A, Critto A, Van Tongeren M, Tran L, Marcomini A.Author information Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice , Venice , Italy.AbstractAbstract Substantial limitations and uncertainties hinder the exposure assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The present deficit of reliable measurements and models will inevitably lead in the near term to qualitative and uncertain exposure estimations, which may fail to support adequate risk assessment and management. Therefore it is necessary to complement the current toolset with user-friendly methods for near-term nanosafety evaluation. This paper proposes an approach for relative exposure screening of ENMs. For the first time, an exposure model explicitly implements quantitative weight of evidence (WoE) methods and utilises expert judgement for filling data gaps in the available evidence-base. Application of the framework is illustrated for screening of exposure scenarios for nanoscale titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, but it is applicable to other nanomaterials as well. The results show that the WoE-based model overestimates exposure for scenarios where expert judgement was substantially used to fill data gaps, which suggests its conservative nature. In order to test how variations in input data influence the obtained results, probabilistic Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was applied to demonstrate that the model performs in stable manner.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Mar;8:117-31. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2012.760013. Epub 2013 Jan 15.
Abstract Substantial limitations and uncertainties hinder the exposure assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The present deficit of reliable measurements and models will inevitably lead in the near term to qualitative and uncertain exposure estimations, which may fail to support adequate ri
PMID 23244341

Japanese Journal

High-sensitivity plasmonic temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber coated with nanoscale gold film

Liu Qiang,Li Shuguang,Chen Hailiang,Li Jianshe,Fan Zhenkai
Appl. Phys. Express 8(4), 046701, 2015-03-26
… The air hole is coated with nanoscale gold film. …
NAID 150000110364

Comprehensive analysis of electro thermally driven nanoscale insulator–metal transition SmNiO

Misha Saiful,Tamanna Nusrat,Prakash Amit,Song Jeonghwan,Lee Daeseok,Cha Euijun,Hwang Hyunsang
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(4S), 04DD09, 2015-03-11
… The nanoscale IMT device formed by the electro thermal effect shows promising selector characteristics such as switching uniformity, switching endurance (>10<sup>5</sup>cycles), and high temperature stability. …
NAID 150000110498

Optical antennas for tunable enhancement in tip-enhansed Raman spectroscopy imaging

Maouli Imad,Taguchi Atsushi,Saito Yuika,Kawata Satoshi,Verma Prabhat
Appl. Phys. Express 8(3), 032401, 2015-02-20
… The use of optical antennas in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) makes it a powerful optical analysis and imaging technique at the nanoscale. …
NAID 150000110228