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Myofilaments are the filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins,^[1] principally myosin or actin. Types of muscle are striated muscle (such as skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle), obliquely striated muscle (found in some invertebrates), and smooth muscle. Various arrangements of myofilaments create different muscles. Striated muscle has transverse bands of filaments. In obliquely striated muscle, the filaments are staggered. Smooth muscle has irregular arrangements of filaments.

Types of myofilaments

There are three different types of myofilaments: thick, thin, and elastic filaments.

Thick filaments consist primarily of the protein myosin. Each thick filament is approximately 15 nm in diameter, and each is made of several hundred molecules of myosin.
Thin filaments, 7 nm in diameter, consist primarily of the protein actin. All thin filaments are attached to the Z-line.
Elastic filaments, 1 nm in diameter, are made of titin, a large springy protein. They flank each thick filament and anchor it to the Z-line, the end point of a sarcomere.

Protein action

The protein complex composed of actin and myosin, contractile proteins, is sometimes referred to as "actomyosin". In striated muscle, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, the actin and myosin filaments each have a specific and constant length in the order of a few micrometers, far less than the length of the elongated muscle cell (a few millimeters in the case of human skeletal muscle cells). The filaments are organized into repeated subunits along the length of the myofibril. These subunits are called sarcomeres.

The contractile nature of this protein complex is based on the structure of the thick and thin filaments. The thick filament, myosin, has a double-headed structure, with the heads positioned at opposite ends of the molecule. During muscle contraction, the heads of the myosin filaments attach to oppositely oriented thin filaments, actin, and pull them past one another. The action of myosin attachment and actin movement results in sarcomere shortening. Muscle contraction consists of the simultaneous shortening of multiple sarcomeres,.^[2]

Muscle function

What follows is a summary of muscle fiber contraction and relaxation,^[3]

Muscle fiber contraction

The axon terminal of a motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the muscle fiber membrane.
This depolarizes the muscle fiber membrane, and the impulse travels to the muscle's sarcoplasmic reticulum via the transverse tubules.
Calcium ions are then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and subsequently bind to troponin.
Troponin and the associated tropomyosin undergo a conformational change after calcium binding and expose the myosin binding sites on actin, the thin filament.
The filaments of actin and myosin then form linkages.
After binding, myosin pulls actin filaments toward each other, or inward.
Thus muscle contraction occurs, and the sarcomere shortens as this process takes place.

Muscle fiber relaxation

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine and this ceases muscle fiber stimulation.
Active transport moves calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fiber.
ATP causes the binding between actin and myosin filaments to break.
Troponin and tropomyosin revert to their original conformation and thereby block binding sites on the actin filament.
The muscle fiber relaxes and the entire sarcomere lengthens.
The muscle fiber is now prepared for the next contraction.

Myofilament response to exercise

The changes that occur to the myofilament in response to exercise have long been a subject of interest to exercise physiologists and the athletes who depend on their research for the most advanced training techniques. Athletes across a spectrum of sporting events are particularly interested to know what type of training protocol will result in maximal force generation from a muscle or set of muscles, so much attention has been given to changes in the myofilament under bouts of chronic and acute forms of exercise.

While the exact mechanism of myofilament alteration in response to exercise is still being studied in mammals, some interesting clues have been revealed in Thoroughbred race horses. Researchers studied the presence of mRNA in skeletal muscle of horses at three distinct times; immediately before training, immediately after training, and four hours after training. They reported statistically significant differences in mRNA for genes specific to production of actin. This study provides evidence of the mechanisms for both immediate and delayed myofilament response to exercise at the molecular level.^[4]

More recently, myofilament protein changes have been studied in humans in response to resistance training. Again, researchers are not completely clear about the molecular mechanisms of change, and an alteration of fiber-type composition in the myofilament may not be the answer many athletes have long assumed.^[5] This study looked at the muscle specific tension in the quadriceps femoris and vastus lateralis of forty-two young men. Researchers report a 17% increase in specific muscle tension after a period of resistance training, despite a decrease in the presence of MyHC, myosin heavy-chain. This study concludes that there is no clear relationship between fiber-type composition and in vivo muscle tension, nor was there evidence of myofilament packing in the trained muscles.

Other areas of research

Other promising areas of research that may illumine the exact molecular nature of exercise-induced protein remodeling in muscle may be the study of related proteins involved with cell architecture, such as desmin and dystrophin. These proteins are thought to provide the cellular scaffolding necessary for the actin-myosin complex to undergo contraction. Research on desmin revealed that its presence increased greatly in a test group exposed to resistance training, while there was no evidence of desmin increase with endurance training. According to this study, there was no detectable increase in dystrophin in resistance or endurance training.^[6] It may be that exercise-induced myofilament alterations involve more than the contractile proteins actin & myosin.

While the research on muscle fiber remodeling is on-going, there are generally accepted facts about the myofilament from the American College of Sports Medicine.^[7] It is thought that an increase in muscle strength is due to an increase in muscle fiber size, not an increase in number of muscle fibers and myofilaments. However, there is some evidence of animal satellite cells differentiating into new muscle fibers and not merely providing a support function to muscle cells.

References

^ "myofilament" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Alberts, Bruce., et al., "Muscle Contraction." Essential Cell Biology. 3rd. New York: Garland Science, 2010. p. 599. Print.
^ Shier, David., et al., "Muscular System", Hole's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology. 9th. McGraw Hill, 2006. p. 175. Print.
^ McGivney BA, Eivers SS, MacHugh DE, et al. (2009). "Transcriptional adaptations following exercise in thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle highlights molecular mechanisms that lead to muscle hypertrophy". BMC Genomics 10: 638. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-638. PMC 2812474. PMID 20042072.
^ Erskine RM, Jones DA, Maffulli N, Williams AG, Stewart CE, Degens H (February 2011). "What causes in vivo muscle specific tension to increase following resistance training?". Exp. Physiol. 96 (2): 145–55. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.053975. PMID 20889606.
^ Parcell AC, Woolstenhulme MT, Sawyer RD (March 2009). "Structural protein alterations to resistance and endurance cycling exercise training". J Strength Cond Res 23 (2): 359–65. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318198fd62. PMID 19209072.
^ Gore, Jessica. "Muscle Growth in Bodybuilders". http://Livestrong.com. June 2010.

Muscle :: Diversity of Muscle—Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web.
Saladin, Kenneth S. "Myofilaments." Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 406-07. Print.

External links

Diagrams and explanations at biomol.uci.edu
Myofilaments at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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