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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/06 15:00:12」(JST)

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Myelopathy refers to pathology of the spinal cord.^[1] When due to trauma, it is known as spinal cord injury. When inflammatory, it is known as myelitis. Disease that is vascular in nature is known as vascular myelopathy.

Clinical signs and symptoms depend on which spinal cord level (cervical, thoracic or lumbar) is affected and the extent (anterior, posterior or lateral) of the pathology, and may include:

upper motor neuron signs (weakness, spasticity, clumsiness, altered tonus)
pathological hyperreflexia and inverted Plantar reflex (positive Babinski sign)
sensory deficits
bowel/bladder symptoms and sexual dysfunction.

Differential diagnosis of chronic myelopathy is extensive.^[2]

The presence and severity of myelopathy can be evaluated by means of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), a neurophysiological method that allows the measurement of the time required for a neural impulse to cross the pyramidal tracts, starting from the cerebral cortex and ending at the anterior horn cells of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. This measurement is called Central Conduction Time (CCT). TMS can aid physicians to:^[3]

determine whether myelopathy exists
identify the level of the spinal cord where myelopathy is located. This is especially useful in cases where more than two lesions may be responsible for the clinical symptoms and signs, such as in patients with two or more cervical disc hernias^[4]
follow-up the progression of myelopathy in time, for example before and after cervical spine surgery

TMS can also help in the differential diagnosis of different causes of pyramidal tract damage.^[5]

References

^ "myelopathy" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Myelopathy differential diagnosis web site
^ Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, Mills K, Rösler KM, Triggs WJ, Ugawa Y, Ziemann U. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Mar;119(3):504-32.
^ Deftereos SN, et al. (April–June 2009). "Localisation of cervical spinal cord compression by TMS and MRI". Funct Neurol 24 (2): 99–105. PMID 19775538.
^ Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, et al. (March 2008). "The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee". Clin Neurophysiol 119 (3): 504–32. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.10.014. PMID 18063409.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 急性外傷性脊髄損傷 acute traumatic spinal cord injury
2. 脊髄損傷および疾患の慢性合併症 chronic complications of spinal cord injury and disease
3. 脊髄に影響を与える疾患 disorders affecting the spinal cord
4. 脊髄障害の解剖学および局在性 anatomy and localization of spinal cord disorders
5. 小児における、放射線検査で異常がない脊髄損傷（SCIWORA） spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality sciwora in children

English Journal

Direct angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation attenuates T-cell and microglia activation and prevents demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.

Valero-Esquitino V1, Lucht K1, Namsolleck P, Monnet-Tschudi F2, Stubbe T3, Lucht F1, Liu M4, Ebner F3, Brandt C3, Danyel LA1, Villela DC5, Paulis L6, Thoene-Reineke C7, Dahlöf B8, Hallberg A9, Unger T10, Sumners C4, Steckelings UM.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2015 Jan 1;128(2):95-109. doi: 10.1042/CS20130601.
In the present study, we evaluated stimulation of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) by the selective non-peptide agonist Compound 21 (C21) as a novel therapeutic concept for the treatment of multiple sclerosis using the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. C57BL-6
PMID 25052203

Pin1 Regulates Osteoclast Fusion Through Suppression of the Master Regulator of Cell Fusion DC-STAMP.

Islam R1, Bae HS, Yoon WJ, Woo KM, Baek JH, Kim HH, Uchida T, Ryoo HM.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Dec;229(12):2166-74. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24679.
Cell fusion is a fundamental biological event that is essential for the development of multinucleated cells such as osteoclasts. Fusion failure leads to the accumulation of dense bone such as in osteopetrosis, demonstrating the importance of fusion in osteoclast maturity and bone remodeling. In a re
PMID 24891219

Appearance of monoclonal plasma cell diseases in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with parameters of disease activity.

Kloth JK1, Hillengass J, Listl K, Kilk K, Hielscher T, Landgren O, Delorme S, Goldschmidt H, Kauczor HU, Weber MA.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Nov 15;135(10):2380-6. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28877. Epub 2014 Apr 17.
The aim of our study was to assess in which way different infiltration patterns of monoclonal plasma cell diseases in whole-body (wb) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are associated with clinical stages, plasma cell content in bone marrow samples and established serum markers of disease activity. In
PMID 24706394