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English Journal

Fetal development of deep back muscles in the human thoracic region with a focus on transversospinalis muscles and the medial branch of the spinal nerve posterior ramus.

Sato T1, Koizumi M, Kim JH, Kim JH, Wang BJ, Murakami G, Cho BH.
Journal of anatomy.J Anat.2011 Dec;219(6):756-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01430.x. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
Fetal development of human deep back muscles has not yet been fully described, possibly because of the difficulty in identifying muscle bundle directions in horizontal sections. Here, we prepared near-frontal sections along the thoracic back skin (eight fetuses) as well as horizontal sections (six f
PMID 21954879

Resting electromyographic activity of deep thoracic transversospinalis muscles identified as abnormal with palpation.

Fryer G1, Bird M, Robbins B, Fossum C, Johnson JC.
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association.J Am Osteopath Assoc.2010 Feb;110(2):61-8.
CONTEXT: In the 1940s, osteopathic researchers suggested that paraspinal tissue abnormality was associated with spontaneous muscle activity, but few studies have since re-examined these reports.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether abnormal motor activity plays a role in deep paraspinal tissues that appea
PMID 20160244

Functional variation of neck muscles and their relation to feeding style in Tyrannosauridae and other large theropod dinosaurs.

Snively E1, Russell AP.
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007).Anat Rec (Hoboken).2007 Aug;290(8):934-57.
Reconstructed neck muscles of large theropod dinosaurs suggest influences on feeding style that paralleled variation in skull mechanics. In all examined theropods, the head dorsiflexor m. transversospinalis capitis probably filled in the posterior dorsal concavity of the neck, for a more crocodilian
PMID 17654673