WordNet

a gelatinous substance secreted by plants
protective secretion of the mucus membranes; in the gut it lubricates the passage of food and protects the epithelial cells; in the nose and throat and lungs it can make it difficult for bacteria to penetrate the body through the epithelium (同)mucous_secretion
be fixed as if by glue; "His eyes were glued on her"
cement consisting of a sticky substance that is used as an adhesive (同)gum, mucilage
join or attach with or as if with glue; "paste the sign on the wall"; "cut and paste the sentence in the text" (同)paste
of or secreting or covered with or resembling mucus; "mucous tissue"; "mucous glands of the intestine" (同)mucose
cover or stain with slime; "The snake slimed his victim"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(動植物の)粘液 / ゴムのり(gum, glue)
(動植物の)粘液
『にかわ』,にかわ剤;(一般に)接着剤 / …‘を'にかわで付ける / 《しばしば受動態で》(…に)…‘を'くっ付けて離さない(離れない),〈視線など〉‘を'くぎ付けにする《+『名』+『to』(『on』)+『名』》
粘液の,粘液性の;粘液の分泌(ぶんぴつ)する
ねば土; （カタツムリ･魚などの）粘液, ぬめり; 嫌な物・ねば土［粘液］を塗る［除く，で覆う］・どろどろ[ぬるぬる，ねばねば]するもの; (川底などの)軟泥，へどろ・

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/11 01:37:24」(JST)

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A sundew with a leaf bent around a fly trapped by mucilage.

Mucilage is a thick, gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms.These microorganisms include protists which use it for their locomotion. Their movement is always opposite to the secretion of mucilage. It is a polar glycoprotein and an exopolysaccharide. Mucilage in plants plays a role in the storage of water and food, seed germination, and thickening membranes. Cacti (and other succulents) and flax seeds especially are rich sources of mucilage.

Occurrence

Exopolysaccharides are the most stabilising factor for microaggregates and are widely distributed in soils. Therefore, exopolysaccharide-producing "soil algae" play a vital role in the ecology of the world's soils. The substance covers the outside of, for example, unicellular or filamentous green algae and cyanobacteria. Amongst the green algae especially, the group Volvocales are known to produce exopolysaccharides at a certain point in their life cycle. It occurs in almost all plants, but usually in small amounts. It is frequently associated with substances like tannins and alkaloids.^[1]

Mucilage has a unique purpose in some carnivorous plants. The plant genera Drosera (sundews), Pinguicula, and others have leaves studded with mucilage-secreting glands, and use a "flypaper trap" to capture insects.^[2]

Human uses

Glass container for mucilage, from the first half of the 20th century.

Mucilage is edible. It is used in medicine as it relieves irritation of mucous membranes by forming a protective film. Traditionally, marshmallows were made from the extract of the mucilaginous root of the marshmallow plant (Althaea officinalis) as a cough medicine. The inner bark of the slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), a North American tree species, has long been used as a demulcent and is still produced commercially for that purpose.^[3]

Mucilage mixed with water has been used as a glue, especially for bonding paper items such as labels, postage stamps, and envelope flaps.^[4] Differing types and varying strengths of mucilage can also be used for other adhesive applications, including gluing labels to metal cans, wood to china, and leather to pasteboard.^[5] During the fermentation of nattō soybeans, extracellular enzymes produced by the bacterium Bacillus natto react with soybean sugars to produce mucilage. The amount and viscosity of the mucilage are important nattō characteristics, contributing to nattō's unique taste and smell.

The mucilage of two kinds of insectivorous plants, sundew (Drosera)^[6] and butterwort (Pinguicula),^[7] is used for the traditional production of a variant of the yoghurt-like Swedish dairy product called filmjölk.^[8]^[9]

Ecological implications for plants

The presence of mucilage in seeds affects important ecological processes in some plant species, such as tolerance of water stress, competition via allelopathy, or facilitation of germination through attachment to soil particles.^[10]^[11]^[12] Some authors have also suggested a role of seed mucilage in protecting DNA material from irradiation damage.^[13] The amount of mucilage produced per seed has been shown to vary across the distribution range of a species, in relation with local environmental conditions of the populations.^[14]

Plant sources

The following plants are known to contain far greater concentrations of mucilage than is typically found in most plants:

Aloe vera
Basella alba (Malabar spinach)
Cactus
Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
Corchorus (jute plant)
Dioscorea polystachya (nagaimo, Chinese yam)
Drosera (sundews)
Drosophyllum lusitanicum
Fenugreek
Flax seeds
Kelp
Liquorice root
Marshmallow
Mallow
Mullein
Okra
Parthenium
Pinguicula (butterwort)
Psyllium seed husks
Salvia hispanica (chia) seed
Talinum triangulare (waterleaf)
Ulmus rubra bark (slippery elm)
Plantago major (greater plantain)

References

^ Paul, Eldon A., ed. (2006). Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780080475141.
^ "Carnivorous Plant Trapping Mechanisms". International Carnivorous Plant Society. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ "Slippery Elm". University of Maryland Medical Center.
^ Spitzenberger, Ray (August 23, 2007). "Glue, Paste or Mucilage: Know the Difference?". East Bernard Express. East Bernard, TX. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
^ Dawidowsky, Ferdinand (1905). Glue, Gelatine, Animal Charcoal, Phosphorus, Cements, Pastes, and Mucilage. Henry Carey Baird & co. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-113-00611-0.
^ Arne Anderberg; Anna-Lena Anderberg (1999-10-13). "Den virtuella floran: Drosera L.: Sileshår" (in Swedish). Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
^ "Filmjölk från Linnés tid" (PDF). Verumjournalen (in Swedish). 2002: 10. 2002. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
^ Östman, Elisabeth (1911). "Recept på filmjölk, filbunke och långmjölk". Iduns kokbok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Aktiebolaget Ljus, Isaac Marcus' Boktryckeriaktiebolag. p. 161. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
^ "Vad gjorde man med mjölken?" (in Swedish). Järnriket Gästrikland, Länsmuseet Gävleborg. Archived from the original on 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
^ Harper, J. L.; Benton, R. A. (1966-01-01). "The Behaviour of Seeds in Soil: II. The Germination of Seeds on the Surface of a Water Supplying Substrate". Journal of Ecology. 54 (1): 151–166. JSTOR 2257664. doi:10.2307/2257664.
^ Hasegawa, K.; Mizutani, J.; Kosemura, S.; Yamamura, S. (1992-10-01). "Isolation and identification of lepidimoide, a new allelopathic substance from mucilage of germinated cress seeds". Plant Physiology. 100 (2): 1059–1061. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 1075667 . PMID 16653018.
^ Lu, Juanjuan; Tan, Dunyan; Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C. (2010-06-01). "Fruit and seed heteromorphism in the cold desert annual ephemeral Diptychocarpus strictus (Brassicaceae) and possible adaptive significance". Annals of Botany. 105 (6): 999–1014. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 2876001 . PMID 20348559. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq041.
^ Yang, Xuejun; Zhang, Wenhao; Dong, Ming; Boubriak, Ivan; Huang, Zhenying (2011-09-02). "The Achene Mucilage Hydrated in Desert Dew Assists Seed Cells in Maintaining DNA Integrity: Adaptive Strategy of Desert Plant Artemisia sphaerocephala". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24346. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3166310 . PMID 21912689. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024346.
^ Villellas, J.; García, M. B. (2013-09-01). "The role of the tolerance–fecundity trade-off in maintaining intraspecific seed trait variation in a widespread dimorphic herb". Plant Biology. 15 (5): 899–909. ISSN 1438-8677. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00684.x.

External links

Mucilage McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th edition.
Mucilage Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition (2007).
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mucilage". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954.

English Journal

In vitro assessment of the prebiotic potential of Aloe vera mucilage and its impact on the human microbiota.

Gullón B1, Gullón P, Tavaria F, Alonso JL, Pintado M.
Food & function.Food Funct.2014 Dec 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Aloe vera mucilage is reported to be rich in acemannan that is a polysaccharide with a backbone of β-(1→4)-d-mannose residues acetylated at the C-2 and C-3 positions and contains some side chains of galactose and arabinose attached to the C-6 carbon. The evaluation of the prebiotic potential of A
PMID 25504136

Medicinal plants contain mucilage used in traditional Persian medicine (TPM).

Ameri A1, Heydarirad G, Mahdavi Jafari J, Ghobadi A, Rezaeizadeh H, Choopani R.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2014 Dec 9:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Context: Conventional therapies using mucilage plants greatly used by practitioners in Iran. The usage of mucilages is rooted in traditional knowledge with a history of more than 4000 years. Scientific assessment of these historical documents could be valuable for finding new potential usag
PMID 25489641

Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant effects of the edible plant Anoda cristata.

Juárez-Reyes K1, Brindis F1, Medina-Campos ON1, Pedraza-Chaverri J1, Bye R2, Linares E2, Mata R3.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2014 Dec 6. pii: S0378-8741(14)00873-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.052. [Epub ahead of print]
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Some studies refer that the entire plant of Anoda cristata is consumed as food and medicine; in particular for treating diabetes, inflammation, fever, cough, and wounds. The aim of this study was to establish the preclinical efficacy of Anoda cristata as hypoglycemic
PMID 25490313

Preparation and Evaluation of multi particulates drug delivery system using natural polymers.

Baig T1, Sheikh H2, Srivastava A2, Tripathi PK2, Tripathi S2.
Current drug delivery.Curr Drug Deliv.2014 Dec 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to control elevated cholesterol, or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. Okra mucilage is used to reduce the cholesterol level since these formulations developed a synergis
PMID 25488418

Japanese Journal

サトイモ粘質物および多糖画分の性状

石々川英樹,中川建也
愛媛県農林水産研究所企画環境部・農業研究部研究報告 (6), 34-38,78, 2014-03
NAID 40020054393

根端ムシレージはトウモロコシのAI抵抗性に関与するか?

矢野勝也,岡本一穂
日本作物學會紀事 82, 286-287, 2013-09-09
NAID 10031191583

Growth of hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens on substrate from rice plant callus cells in anaerobic soil : an estimation to the role of slough-off root cap cells to their growth(Soil biology)

LI Yong,WATANABE Takeshi,MURASE Jun,ASAKAWA Susumu,KIMURA Makoto
Soil science and plant nutrition 59(4), 548-558, 2013-08
… They included hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens and were phylogenetically different from those residing in rice roots and, presumably, from those assimilating root exudate and mucilage-derived carbon. …
NAID 110009766757

Purification and Characterization of Polygalacturonase from Screened Aspergillus tubingensis for Coffee Processing

, ,
Food Science and Technology Research 19(5), 813-818, 2013
… The elimination of coffee mucilage was obviously improved by treating with this enzyme. …
NAID 130003383611