勤労意欲、士気、気力

WordNet

a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
anything that serves to increase morale; "the sight of flowers every morning was my morale builder" (同)morale booster
something or someone who influences by building or strengthening morale
psychological rather than physical or tangible in effect; "a moral victory"; "moral support"
the significance of a story or event; "the moral of the story is to love thy neighbor" (同)lesson
concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles; "moral sense"; "a moral scrutiny"; "a moral lesson"; "a moral quandary"; "moral convictions"; "a moral life"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(軍隊・国民の)士気,風紀
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(人・行為などが)『道徳的な』,道徳を守る;(人が)善悪の区別がつく / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『倫理』(『道徳』)『上の』,道徳の(ethical) / 『教訓的な』,道徳を教うる / 精神的な / (物語・でき事などに含まれた)『教訓』,寓意(ぐうい) / 《複数形で》(社会の)モラル,風儀;(個人の)『素行』,

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/12 00:48:29」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Morale (also known as esprit de corps (French pronunciation: [ɛspʀi də kɔʀ])) is the capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal, particularly in the face of opposition or hardship. Morale is often referenced by authority figures as a generic value judgment of the willpower, obedience, and self-discipline of a group tasked with performing duties assigned by a superior. According to Alexander H. Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose".^[1] Morale is important in the military, because it improves unit cohesion. Without good morale, a force will be more likely to give up and surrender. Morale is usually assessed at a collective, rather than an individual level. In wartime, civilian morale is also important. Esprit de corps is considered to be an important part of a fighting unit. Workplace environments influence employee morale.

Military

“

An American general defined morale as "when a soldier thinks his army is the best in the world, his regiment the best in the army, his company the best in the regiment, his squad the best in the company, and that he himself is the best blankety-blank soldier man in the outfit."

”

—H. R. Knickerbocker, 1941^[2]

In military science, there are two meanings to morale. Primarily it means unit cohesion: the cohesion of a unit, task force, or other military group. An army with good supply lines, sound air cover and a clear objective can be said to possess, as a whole, "good morale" or "high morale." Historically, elite military units such as special operations forces have "high morale" due to both their training and pride in their unit. When a unit's morale is said to be "depleted", it means it is close to "crack and surrender". It is well worth noting that generally speaking, most commanders do not look at the morale of specific individuals but rather the "fighting spirit" of squadrons, divisions, battalions, ships, etc.

"Clausewitz stresses the importance of morale and will for both the soldier and the commander. The soldier's first requirement is moral and physical courage, both the acceptance of responsibility and the suppression of fear. In order to survive the horror of combat [,]he must have an invincible martial spirit, which can be attained only through military victory and hardship. The soldier has but one purpose: "The end for which a soldier is recruited, clothed, armed and trained, the whole object of his sleeping, eating, drinking, and marching is simply that he should fight at the right place and the right time."^[3]

"Military morale is in a large sense inseparable from civilian morale because each reacts upon the other and both are in large measure based on fidelity to a cause. But there is a certain kind of morale that is distinctly military. It begins with the soldier's attitude toward duty. It develops with the soldier's command over himself. It is a spirit that becomes dominant in the individual and also in the group. Whether the soldier has physical comforts or suffers physical hardships may be a factor but is seldom the determining factor in making or unmaking his morale. A cause known and believed in; knowledge that substantial justice governs discipline; the individual's confidence and pride in himself, his comrades, his leaders; the unit's pride in its own will; these basic things, supplemented by intelligent welfare and recreation measures and brought to life by a spirit of mutual respect and co-operation, combine to weld a seasoned fighting force capable of defending the nation."^[4]

In August 2012, an article entitled "Army morale declines in survey" states that "only a quarter of the [US] Army's officers and enlisted soldiers believe the nation's largest military branch is headed in the right direction." The "... most common reasons cited for the bleak outlook were "ineffective leaders at senior levels," a fear of losing the best and the brightest after a decade of war, and the perception, especially among senior enlisted soldiers, that "the Army is too soft" and lacks sufficient discipline."^[5]

Esprit de corps

Esprit de corps is a French expression meaning literally "Spirit of Corps" or "Spirit of Body" in English language. It denotes a strong shared team spirit, mutual solidarity and fellowship, sense of duty, and devotion to a cause among the members of a group. Esprit de corps is tied very closely with the French Foreign Legion and other military units worldwide. In the United States Marine Corps, it is a phrase that sits alongside the core values Honor, Courage, and Commitment as a living, breathing, entity that is not only the fighting spirit but the pride for the unit, service branch, and country, and the devotion and loyalty to the other members of the unit that the men and women fight and serve with. Within the USMC and the RM there is a special meaning and place in the hearts of the men and women for the phrase "Esprit de corps".

In the workplace

Employee morale, in human resources, is defined as the job satisfaction, outlook, and feelings of well-being an employee has within a workplace setting.^[6] Proven to have a direct effect on productivity, it is one of the corner stones of business.

References

^ Alexander H. Leighton, Human Relations in a Changing World: Observations on the Uses of the Social Sciences (1949)
^ Knickerbocker, H.R. (1941). Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions On the Battle of Mankind. Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 96. ISBN 9781417992775.
^ http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/clauswtz/clwt0013.htm
^ Ulio, James. "Military Morale". American Journal of Sociology 1941 The University of Chicago Press. Vol. 47, No. 3, Nov., 1941
^ http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2012/08/19/army_survey_finds_only_one_in_four_soldiers_confident_in_branchs_future/
^ "Employee Morale". |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

External links

Look up morale in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 兵役によるストレス反応 combat operational stress reaction
2. 癌患者における精神学的障害のマネージメント management of psychiatric disorders in patients with cancer
3. 安全科学を通じた有害な産科転帰の削減 reducing adverse obstetrical outcomes through safety sciences

English Journal

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) -410C/T polymorphism in Sicilian patients with Parkinson's disease.

Salluzzo MG1, Cosentino FI1, Romano C1, Scillato F1, Morale MC1, Rando RG1, Elia F1, Spada RS1, Bosco P1, Salemi M2.
Journal of the neurological sciences.J Neurol Sci.2016 Apr 15;363:95-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.039. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
PMID 27000229

Curating the Self in Shanghai: Cigarettes, Ethics, and History Making at the China Tobacco Museum.

Kohrman M1.
Medical anthropology.Med Anthropol.2016 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Seen through the prism of public health, the cigarette industry is an apparatus of death. To those who run it, however, it is something more prosaic: a workplace comprised of people whose morale is to be shepherded. Provisioning employees of the cigarette industry with psychic scaffolding to carry o
PMID 27050550

The vascular access in the elderly: a position statement of the Vascular Access Working Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology.

Lomonte C1, Forneris G2, Gallieni M3, Tazza L4, Meola M5,6, Lodi M7, Senatore M8, Morale W9, Spina M10, Napoli M11, Bonucchi D12, Galli F13.
Journal of nephrology.J Nephrol.2016 Apr;29(2):175-84. doi: 10.1007/s40620-016-0263-z. Epub 2016 Jan 16.
The incident hemodialysis (HD) population is aging, and the elderly group is the one with the most rapid increase. In this context it is important to define the factors associated with outcomes in elderly patients. The high prevalence of comorbidities, particularly diabetes mellitus, peripheral vasc
PMID 26780568