molestation

WordNet

the act of subjecting someone to unwanted or improper sexual advances or activity (especially women or children)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人・動物を)苦しめること,いじめること

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/17 00:10:37」(JST)

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Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is usually undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another. When force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.^[1] The term also covers any behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to stimulate a child sexually. The use of a child, or other individuals younger than the age of consent, for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse or statutory rape.

Forms

Spousal

Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence. When the abuse involves forced sex, it may constitute rape upon the other spouse, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.

Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent.^[2]^[3] It includes direct sexual contact, the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.^[2]^[4]^[5]

Effects of child sexual abuse include shame and self-blame,^[6] depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood.^[7] Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide.^[8] Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens.

Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, and results in more serious and long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.^[9]

Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused when they were children.^[10]^[11] The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both.^[10] Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.^[12] Child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children.^[13]

Abuse of people with developmental disabilities

People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989). Yet most of these cases will go unnoticed.

Treatment

In the emergency room, emergency contraceptive medications are offered to women raped by men because about 5% of such rapes result in pregnancy.^[14] Preventative medication against sexually transmitted infections are given to victims of all types of sexual abuse (especially for the most common diseases like chlamydia, gonorhea, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis) and a blood serum is collected to test for STIs (such as HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis).^[14] Any survivor with abrasions are immunized for tetanus if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization.^[14] Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with acute anxiety and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of PTSD, depression and panic attacks.^[14]

Survivor

The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim, even of usually non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular a living victim of sexual abuse or assault.^[15] For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust.

Positions of power

Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade.

Several sexual abuse scandals have involved abuse of religious authority and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Southern Baptist religion,^[16] Catholic Church, Episcopalian religion,^[17] Islam,^[18] Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran church,^[19] Methodist Church,^[20] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,^[21] the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Orthodox Judaism,^[22] other branches of Judaism,^[23] and various cults.

Minorities

Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church.^[24] To address the issue of sexual abuse in the African-American community, the prestigious Leeway Foundation^[25] sponsored a grant to develop www.blacksurvivors.org,^[26] a national online support group and resource center for African-American sexual abuse survivors. The non-profit group was founded in 2008 by Sylvia Coleman, an African-American sexual abuse survivor and national sexual abuse prevention expert.

Other animals

Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well; for example, among the Adélie penguins.^[27]

References

^ "Peer commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 31. 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1020603214218. Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the pedophile and incest offender.
^ ^a ^b "Child Sexual Abuse". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine,. 2008-04-02.
^ Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS); Board of Professional Affairs (BPA); American Psychological Association (APA); Catherine Acuff; Steven Bisbing; Michael Gottlieb; Lisa Grossman; Jody Porter; Richard Reichbart; Steven Sparta; C. Eugene Walker (August 1999). "Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters". American Psychologist. 54 (8): 586–593. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586. PMID 10453704. Retrieved 2008-05-07. Lay summary – APA PsycNET (2008-05-07). Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person.
^ Martin, J.; Anderson, J.; Romans, S.; Mullen, P; O'Shea, M (1993). "Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey". Child Abuse and Neglect. 17 (3): 383–392. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90061-9. PMID 8330225.
^ Child sexual abuse definition from the NSPCC
^ Whiffen, V. E.; MacIntosh, H. B. (2005). "Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: a critical review". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 6 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1177/1524838004272543.
^ Maniglio, R. (2009). "The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (7): 647–657. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003.
^ Maniglio, R. (2011). "The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 124 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x.
^ Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 0-393-31356-5.
^ ^a ^b Stoltenborgh, M.; van IJzendoorn, M. H.; Euser, E. M.; Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). "A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world". Child Maltreatment. 16 (2): 79–101. doi:10.1177/1077559511403920.
^ Pereda, N.; Guilera, G.; Forns, M.; Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). "The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (4): 328–338. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007.
^ Whealin, Julia Whealin (2007-05-22). "Child Sexual Abuse". National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs.
^ Seto, Michael (2008). Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. vii.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Varcarolis, Elizabeth (2013). Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing. St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 439–442.
^ "Dean of Students Office | Clark University". Clarku.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
^ Stop Baptist Predators
^ Episcopalian Ministers
^ Joe Murphy (2012-05-18). "Baroness Warsi: Some Pakistani men think young white girls are "fair game" for sex abuse - Politics - News - Evening Standard". Thisislondon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
^ The LutheranLutheran abuse
^ Methodist abuse
^ Anderson, Lavina (1995). Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance Volume 1. ISBN 0-10-878835-0.
^ Abuse Scandal Plagues Hasidic Jews In Brooklyn by Barbara Bradley Hagerty. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 2 February 2009.
^ Amy, Neustein, ed. (2009). Tempest in the Temple: Jewish Communities and Child Sex Scandals. Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-671-5.
^ NPR.org
^ Leeway.org
^ Blacksurvivors.org
^ McKie, Robin (9 June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal". Guardian.co.uk.

External links

Sexual abuse at DMOZ
Child Sexual Abuse at the National Institutes of Health

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児や青年への性的虐待の評価 evaluation of sexual abuse in children and adolescents
2. 成人におけるノンレム睡眠からの覚醒障害 disorders of arousal from non rapid eye movement sleep in adults
3. 成人の心的外傷後ストレス障害：疫学、病態生理、臨床症状、経過、評価、診断 posttraumatic stress disorder in adults epidemiology pathophysiology clinical manifestations course assessment and diagnosis
4. 妊娠中絶の精神医学的側面 psychiatric aspects of pregnancy termination

English Journal

Vaginismus: review of current concepts and treatment using botox injections, bupivacaine injections, and progressive dilation with the patient under anesthesia.

Pacik PT.SourcePlastic Surgery Professional Association, 57 Bay Street, Manchester, NH 03104, USA. info@plasticsurgerypa.com
Aesthetic plastic surgery.Aesthetic Plast Surg.2011 Dec;35(6):1160-4. Epub 2011 May 10.
Vaginismus is a poorly understood condition affecting approximately 1-7% of females worldwide. This article aims to bring attention to this disorder and to review the use of Botox injections to treat these patients. Vaginismus, also known as vaginal penetration disorder, is an aversion to any form o
PMID 21556985

The development of the interest in child molestation scale.

Gannon TA, O'Connor A.SourceSchool of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK. t.a.gannon@kent.ac.uk
Sexual abuse : a journal of research and treatment.Sex Abuse.2011 Dec;23(4):474-93. Epub 2011 Oct 26.
Although numerous research studies have been conducted to investigate apprehended child molesters' sexual interest in children and associated concepts, very little research has been conducted to investigate community males' sexual interest in children. In this article, the authors describe the devel
PMID 22031298

Japanese Journal

児童に対する性的いたずらと児童ポルノ所持との関係 : 児童に対する性的いたずらに関する証拠は児童ポルノ所持に関する捜索令状を発付する際の「相当な理由」になるのか? (椎橋隆幸先生退職記念論文集)

法学新報 123(9・10), 63-86, 2017-03
NAID 40021157407

捜索令状発付の際における「相当な理由」に関する一考察(1)近時のアメリカ合衆国における児童に対する性的いたずらと児童ポルノ所持との関係を巡る議論を中心に

比較法雑誌 50(4), 103-144, 2017
NAID 40021167746

市民で見守るシマフクロウ : IT技術活用による嫌がらせ対策に向けて

「野生生物と交通」研究発表会講演論文集 14, 9-14, 2015-02-20
NAID 40020380125

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[asb-1] "Peer commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 31. 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1020603214218. Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the pedophile and incest offender.

[medline2008-2] "Child Sexual Abuse". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine,. 2008-04-02.

[APA_Guidelines-3] Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS); Board of Professional Affairs (BPA); American Psychological Association (APA); Catherine Acuff; Steven Bisbing; Michael Gottlieb; Lisa Grossman; Jody Porter; Richard Reichbart; Steven Sparta; C. Eugene Walker (August 1999). "Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters". American Psychologist. 54 (8): 586–593. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586. PMID 10453704. Retrieved 2008-05-07. Lay summary – APA PsycNET (2008-05-07). Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person.

[4] Martin, J.; Anderson, J.; Romans, S.; Mullen, P; O'Shea, M (1993). "Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey". Child Abuse and Neglect. 17 (3): 383–392. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90061-9. PMID 8330225.

[nspcc-5] Child sexual abuse definition from the NSPCC

[6] Whiffen, V. E.; MacIntosh, H. B. (2005). "Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: a critical review". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 6 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1177/1524838004272543.

[7] Maniglio, R. (2009). "The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (7): 647–657. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003.

[8] Maniglio, R. (2011). "The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 124 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x.

[Courtois-9] Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 0-393-31356-5.

[stolt-10] Stoltenborgh, M.; van IJzendoorn, M. H.; Euser, E. M.; Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). "A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world". Child Maltreatment. 16 (2): 79–101. doi:10.1177/1077559511403920.

[pereda-11] Pereda, N.; Guilera, G.; Forns, M.; Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). "The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (4): 328–338. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007.

[Whealin-12] Whealin, Julia Whealin (2007-05-22). "Child Sexual Abuse". National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs.

[13] Seto, Michael (2008). Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. vii.

[Varcarolis-14] Varcarolis, Elizabeth (2013). Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing. St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 439–442.

[15] "Dean of Students Office | Clark University". Clarku.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-02.

[16] Stop Baptist Predators

[17] Episcopalian Ministers

[18] Joe Murphy (2012-05-18). "Baroness Warsi: Some Pakistani men think young white girls are "fair game" for sex abuse - Politics - News - Evening Standard". Thisislondon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-02.

[19] The LutheranLutheran abuse

[20] Methodist abuse

[21] Anderson, Lavina (1995). Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance Volume 1. ISBN 0-10-878835-0.

[22] Abuse Scandal Plagues Hasidic Jews In Brooklyn by Barbara Bradley Hagerty. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 2 February 2009.

[23] Amy, Neustein, ed. (2009). Tempest in the Temple: Jewish Communities and Child Sex Scandals. Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-671-5.

[24] NPR.org

[25] Leeway.org

[26] Blacksurvivors.org

[GD2012-27] McKie, Robin (9 June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal". Guardian.co.uk.

v t e Human sexuality and sexology

Sexual relationship phenomena	Asexuality Gray asexuality Bisexuality Casual relationship Casual sex Celibacy Celibacy syndrome Committed relationship Free love Herbivore men Heterosexuality Homosexuality Marriage One-night stand Polyamory Promiscuity Female Romantic love Romantic orientation Flirting Sex life Sexual abstinence Sexual partner Single person Swinging

Sexual dynamics	Hypergamy Intersex Physical attractiveness Sexual attraction Sexual ethics

v t e Sexual ethics

Human sexuality	Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex

Child sexuality	Child marriage Child pornography law Child sex tourism Prostitution of children

Sexual abuse	Child-on-child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Harassment Rape law

Age of consent (reform)	Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America

List of topics

v t e Sexual abuse

Forms	Bride kidnapping Child Child-on-child Child exploitation Child pornography Prostitution of children Child sex tourism Forced prostitution Genital modification and mutilation Rape Campus Date Marital Prison Statutory Raptio Revenge porn Sexual assault Sexual bullying Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual slavery Sexual violence War

Sociological theories	Aggression Causes of sexual violence Effects and aftermath of rape Misandry Misogyny Pedophilia Rape culture Rape trauma syndrome Sociobiological theories of rape Victim blaming

Laws	Laws regarding child sexual abuse Laws regarding rape Sexually violent predator laws

Related topics	Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome False allegation of child sexual abuse

Portals: Criminal justice Law

v t e Abuse

Types	Anti-social behaviour Bullying Child abuse (neglect, sexual) Cruelty to animals Domestic abuse Elder abuse Gaslighting Harassment Humiliation Incivility Institutional abuse Intimidation Neglect Persecution Professional abuse Psychological abuse Physical abuse Religious abuse Sexual abuse Stalking Structural abuse Verbal abuse

Related topics	Child grooming Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Dehumanization Denial Destabilisation Exaggeration Lying Manipulation Minimisation Personality disorders Power and control in abusive relationships Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy Rationalization Traumatic bonding Victim blaming Victim playing Victimisation

v t e Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church

Manifestations	By country In confession Abuse by members of Catholic orders

Consequences	Parish transfers of abusive priests Financial The Role of the Church in the Causation, Treatment and Prevention of the Crisis in the Priesthood (1971) Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations (2005)

Reception	Curial Ecclesiastic Journalistic Debate over causes

Government responses	Ferns Report John Jay Report Ryan Commission Murphy Report

Activist groups	Duplessis Orphans Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP) Voice of the Faithful

Pre-modern	Gregorian Reform Liber Gomorrhianus

Roman Curia	Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors Ecclesiastical response to Catholic sex abuse cases

In popular culture	Judgment (1990 film) The Boys of St. Vincent (1992 miniseries) Suing the Pope (2002 documentary) Holy Water-Gate (2004 documentary) Twist of Faith (2004 documentary) Our Fathers (2005 film) Sex Crimes and the Vatican (2006 documentary) Deliver Us from Evil (2006 film) Hand of God (2006 documentary) Mea Maxima Culpa: Silence in the House of God (2012 documentary) Spotlight (2015 film) The Club (2015 film)

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