微調整装置、マイクロマニピュレーター

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/13 17:50:50」(JST)

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Biologist at inverted microscope handling a micromanipulator

A micromanipulator is a device which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, where a level of precision of movement is necessary that cannot be achieved by the unaided human hand. It may typically consist of an input joystick, a mechanism for reducing the range of movement and an output section with the means of holding a microtool to hold, inject, cut or otherwise manipulate the object as required. The mechanism for reducing the movement usually requires the movement to be free of backlash. This is achieved by the use of kinematic constraints to allow each part of the mechanism to move only in one or more chosen degrees of freedom, which achieves a high precision and repeatability of movement, usually at the expense of some absolute accuracy.

Movement reduction can be performed by mechanical levers, hydraulically using pistons of different diameters connected by tubing containing non-compressible fluid, electronically using stepper motors or linear actuators, or combinations of techniques in one instrument. Mechanisms with different ranges of movement or variable reduction ratio may be incorporated in one instrument to allow coarse and fine positioning.

Micromanipulators are usually used in conjunction with microscopes. Depending on the application, one or more micromanipulators may be fitted to a microscope stage or rigidly mounted to a bench next to a microscope. A typical application of micromanipulation is human intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Here, a spermatozoon measuring some 3 to 5 micrometres across is injected into an oocyte of approximately 100 micrometres in diameter, under the direct manual control of an embryologist. A disposable glass micropipette is fitted to a toolholder mounted on the output of the manipulator. The toolholder can be adjusted for different sized tools as well as the angle at which the tool is held.

Positioning test probes onto a microchip

Electrophysiological setup. Micromanipulators are used to position microelectrodes

Toolholder mounted on a micromanipulator.

Micromanipulators are also used in applications such as microelectronics to position test probes onto small to medium scale integrated circuits and hybrid devices, and patch clamp experiments in biological research.

References

Robert Barer, A. E. Saunders-Singer. A New Single-control Micromanipulator
Robert Barer, A low-power micromanipulator and microdissector (1950)
V. B. D. Skerman A New Type of Micromanipulator and Microforge J. gen. Microbiol. (1968), 54, 287-297
Fred Sherman Micromanipulator for Yeast Genetic Studies Applied Microbiology, Nov. 1973, p. 829
Inventors: Fonbrune, Pierre Henry Dussu DE.; Andre, Beaudouin Paul Micromanipulator controller U.S. Patent 2988928 [1][2]
Inventors: Rowland, May Kenneth Micromanipulating devices U.S. Patent 2800055 [3][4] (1957)
Inventors: Karl, Frischmann Micromanipulator U.S. Patent 2760405 [5][6]

English Journal

Molecular karyotyping of single sperm with nuclear vacuoles identifies more chromosomal abnormalities in patients with testiculopathy than fertile controls: implications for ICSI.

Garolla A1, Sartini B1, Cosci I1, Pizzol D1, Ghezzi M1, Bertoldo A1, Menegazzo M1, Speltra E1, Ferlin A1, Foresta C2.
Human reproduction (Oxford, England).Hum Reprod.2015 Nov;30(11):2493-500. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dev202. Epub 2015 Sep 23.
STUDY QUESTION: Is there a difference between molecular karyotype of single sperm selected by high-magnification microscopy from infertile patients with testicular damage and from proven fertile controls SUMMARY ANSWER: The molecular karyotype of single sperm from patients with testiculopathy had a
PMID 26405261

Automated Assembly of Vascular-Like Microtube With Repetitive Single-Step Contact Manipulation.

Wang H, Huang Q, Shi Q, Yue T, Chen S, Nakajima M, Takeuchi M, Fukuda T.
IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.IEEE Trans Biomed Eng.2015 Nov;62(11):2620-8. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2437952.
Fabricated vessel-mimetic microtubes are essential for delivering sufficient nutrient to engineered composite tissues. In this paper, vascular-like microtubes are engineered by automated assembly of donut-shaped micromodules that embed fibroblast cells. A microrobotic system is set up with dual mani
PMID 26513766

Force-displacement measurements of earlywood bordered pits using a mesomechanical tester.

Zelinka SL1, Bourne KJ1, Hermanson JC2, Glass SV1, Costa A3, Wiedenhoeft AC3.
Plant, cell & environment.Plant Cell Environ.2015 Oct;38(10):2088-97. doi: 10.1111/pce.12532. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
The elastic properties of pit membranes are reported to have important implications in understanding air-seeding phenomena in gymnosperms, and pit aspiration plays a large role in wood technological applications such as wood drying and preservative treatment. Here we present force-displacement measu
PMID 25754548

Japanese Journal

Leader cells regulate collective cell migration via Rac activation in the downstream signaling of integrin beta 1 and PI3K

Yamaguchi Naoya,Mizutani Takeomi,Kawabata Kazushige,Haga Hisashi
Scientific reports 5, 7656, 2015-01-07
… First, we removed a leader cell from the migrating collective with a micromanipulator. …
NAID 120005567742

液晶のネマティック相と等方相の相界面を利用したマイクロマニピュレータの開発

亀井和正,辻知宏,蝶野成臣
日本機械学会論文集 advpub(0), 2015
… We have developed a liquid-like micromanipulator operated by a phase interfacial force induced between nematic and isotropic phases of a liquid crystal. …
NAID 130005005138