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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/14 18:47:57」(JST)

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Biologist at inverted microscope handling a micromanipulator

A micromanipulator is a device which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, where a level of precision of movement is necessary that cannot be achieved by the unaided human hand. It may typically consist of an input joystick, a mechanism for reducing the range of movement and an output section with the means of holding a microtool to hold, inject, cut or otherwise manipulate the object as required. The mechanism for reducing the movement usually requires the movement to be free of backlash. This is achieved by the use of kinematic constraints to allow each part of the mechanism to move only in one or more chosen degrees of freedom, which achieves a high precision and repeatability of movement, usually at the expense of some absolute accuracy.

Movement reduction can be performed by mechanical levers, hydraulically using pistons of different diameters connected by tubing containing non-compressible fluid, electronically using stepper motors or linear actuators, or combinations of techniques in one instrument. Mechanisms with different ranges of movement or variable reduction ratio may be incorporated in one instrument to allow coarse and fine positioning.

Micromanipulators are usually used in conjunction with microscopes. Depending on the application, one or more micromanipulators may be fitted to a microscope stage or rigidly mounted to a bench next to a microscope. A typical application of micromanipulation is human intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Here, a spermatozoon measuring some 3 to 5 micrometres across is injected into an oocyte of approximately 100 micrometres in diameter, under the direct manual control of an embryologist. A disposable glass micropipette is fitted to a toolholder mounted on the output of the manipulator. The toolholder can be adjusted for different sized tools as well as the angle at which the tool is held.

Positioning test probes onto a microchip

Electrophysiological setup. Micromanipulators are used to position microelectrodes

Toolholder mounted on a micromanipulator.

Micromanipulators are also used in applications such as microelectronics to position test probes onto small to medium scale integrated circuits and hybrid devices, and patch clamp experiments in biological research.

References

Robert Barer, A. E. Saunders-Singer. A New Single-control Micromanipulator
Robert Barer, A low-power micromanipulator and microdissector (1950)
V. B. D. Skerman A New Type of Micromanipulator and Microforge J. gen. Microbiol. (1968), 54, 287-297
Fred Sherman Micromanipulator for Yeast Genetic Studies Applied Microbiology, Nov. 1973, p. 829
Inventors: Fonbrune, Pierre Henry Dussu DE.; Andre, Beaudouin Paul Micromanipulator controller U.S. Patent 2988928 [1][2]
Inventors: Rowland, May Kenneth Micromanipulating devices U.S. Patent 2800055 [3][4] (1957)
Inventors: Karl, Frischmann Micromanipulator U.S. Patent 2760405 [5][6]

UpToDate Contents

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1. リードスタンバーグ細胞およびホジキンリンパ腫の病因 the reed sternberg cell and the pathogenesis of hodgkin lymphoma
2. 卵細胞質内精子注入法 intracytoplasmic sperm injection
3. 男性不妊症の治療 treatment of male infertility
4. 体外受精（IFV） in vitro fertilization

English Journal

Articular congruency of the Salto Talaris total ankle prosthesis.

Morris CH1, Christensen JC2, Ching RP3, Chan F4, Schuberth JM5.
Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Foot Ankle Surg.2015 Sep;21(3):206-10. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2015.01.003. Epub 2015 Jan 19.
BACKGROUND: The Salto-Talaris polyethylene articulating surface was designed to allow, but limit accessory motion. This investigation examines surface characteristics between the polyethylene bearing and anatomic talar component in various positions of function.METHODS: A Salto Talaris talar prosthe
PMID 26235862

Shape and Effective Spring Constant of Liquid Interfaces Probed at the Nanometer Scale: Finite Size Effects.

Dupré de Baubigny J1,2, Benzaquen M3, Fabié L1,2, Delmas M1, Aimé JP4, Legros M1, Ondarçuhu T1.
Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.Langmuir.2015 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]
We investigate the shape and mechanical properties of liquid interfaces down to nanometer scale by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with in situ micromanipulation techniques. In both cases, the interface is probed with a cylindrical nanofiber with radius
PMID 26295187

Early maternal serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) levels and sex-related growth difference of IVF embryos.

Esh-Broder E1, Oron G, Son WY, Holzer H, Tulandi T.
Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics.J Assist Reprod Genet.2015 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: Maternal serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) represents the trophoblastic cell mass and is an indirect measurement of embryo development at early implantation stage. Studies in animals and human embryos detected sex-related growth differences (SRGD) in favour of male embryos duri
PMID 26304101

Japanese Journal

細胞折り紙における山折り構造の作製

Serien Daniela,Yoshida Shotaro,Takeuchi Shoji
「センサ・マイクロマシンと応用システム」シンポジウム論文集電気学会センサ・マイクロマシン部門 [編] 30, 4p, 2013-11-05
NAID 40020170052

グラフェン冷陰極からの電子放出特性の透過型電子顕微鏡その場測定(電子管と真空ナノエレクトロニクス)

村上勝久,吉田木の実,藤田淳一
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. ED, 電子デバイス 113(257), 9-12, 2013-10-15
導電性接着剤としてイオン液体を用いた走査型電子顕微鏡その場マイクロマニピュレーション技術によって、シリコン酸化膜基板上にテープを用いた機械剥離により作成したグラファイト層から、結晶性の高いグラフェン薄片をタングステンプローブ先端に接着することが可能となった。この結晶性の高いグラフェン薄片を用いたグラフェン冷陰極の電界電子放出特性を透過型電子顕微鏡その場測定により評価した。
NAID 110009815185

実験動物の顕微授精技術の開発とその応用

越後貫成美
Journal of Mammalian Ova Research 30(4), 159-167, 2013
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NAID 130004436875