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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/25 08:39:13」(JST)

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Microscale Chemistry (often referred to as Small-Scale Chemistry, in German: Chemie im Mikromaßstab) is an analytical method and also a teaching method widely used at school and at university levels, working with small quantities of chemical substances. While much of traditional chemistry teaching centers on multi-gramme preparations, milligrammes of substances are sufficient for Microscale Chemistry. In Universities modern and expensive lab glassware is used and modern methods for detection and characterization of the produced substances are very common. In schools and in many countries of the Southern hemisphere small-scale working takes place with low-cost and even no-cost material. There has always been a place for small-scale working in qualitative analysis, but the new developments can encompass much of chemistry a student is likely to meet.

History

There are two main strands of the modern approach. One is based on the idea that many of the experiments associated with General Chemistry (acids and bases, oxidation and reduction, electrochemistry, etc.) can be carried out in equipment much simpler (injection bottles, dropper bottles, syringes, wellplates, plastic pipettes) and therefore cheaper than the traditional glassware in a laboratory, thus enabling the expansion of the laboratory experiences of students in large classes and to introduce laboratory work into institutions too poorly equipped for standard-type work. Pioneering development in this area was carried out by Egerton C. Grey (1928),^[1] Mahmoud K. El-Marsafy (1989)^[2] in Egypt, Stephen Thompson in the US^[3] and others. A further application of these ideas was the devising by Bradley of the Radmaste kits^[4] in South Africa, designed to make effective chemical experiments possible in developing countries in schools that lack the technical services (electricity, running water) taken for granted in many places. The other strand is the introduction of this approach into synthetic work, mainly in organic chemistry. Here the crucial breakthrough was achieved by Mayo, Pike and Butcher^[5] and by Williamson^[6] who demonstrated that inexperienced students were able to carry out organic syntheses on a few tens of milligrams, a skill previously thought to require years of training and experience. These approaches were accompanied by the introduction of some specialised equipment, which was subsequently simplified by Breuer without great loss of versatility.^[7]

There is a great deal of published material available to help in the introduction of such a scheme, providing advice on choice of equipment, techniques and preparative experiments and the flow of such material is continuing through a column in the Journal of Chemical education called ‘The Microscale Laboratory’ that has been running for many years. Scaling down experiments, when combined with modern projection technology, opened up the possibility of carrying out lecture demonstrations of the most hazardous kind in total safety.^[8] The approach has been adopted worldwide. It has become a major presence on the educational scene in the US, it is used to a lesser extent in the UK and it is used in many countries in institutions with staff who are enthusiastic about it.

Advantages of Microscale Chemistry

Saves time for preparation and clear away
Reduces waste at the source
More safety
Lower costs for chemical substances and equipment
Smaller storage area
Reduced reliance on intensive ventilation systems
Pleasant working atmosphere^[9]
Shorter reaction times
More time for evaluation and communication.

Microscale Centres

Austria Viktor Obendrauf
China Zhou Ning-Huai
Egypt Mahmoud K. El-Marsafy
Germany Angela Koehler-Kruetzfeld Peter Schwarz Waltraud Habelitz Michael Tausch
Hong Kong Winghong Chan
Israel Mordechai Livneh
Japan Kazuko Ogino
Mazedonia Metodija Najdoski
Mexico Jorge Ibanez, Arturo Fregoso, Carmen Doria, Rosa Maria Mainero, Margarita Hernandez, et al.
Poland Aleksander Kazubski, Dominika Panek, Lukasz Sporny
Portugal M. Elisa Maia
South Africa John Bradley Marie DuToit
Sweden Christer Gruvberg
USA
USA
USA
USA
Kenneth M. Doxsee
Thailand Supawan Tantyanon
Kuwait Abdulaziz Alnajjar

Microscale Chemistry Conferences

1st International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry May 2000 at Universidad Iberoamericana - Ciudad de Mexico

2nd International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry 13. - 15. December 2001 at Hong Kong Baptist University - Hong Kong [1]

3rd International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry 18. - 20. May 2005 at Universidad Iberoamericana - Ciudad de Mexico [2]

References

^ Grey, Egerton C (1928). Practical Chemistry by Micro-Methods. Cambridge: W Heffer & Sons Ltd.
^ El-Marsafy, M K (1989). "Microscale Chemistry Experimentation". MicrEcol. M.K.El-Marsafy. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
^ Thompson, S. "Small-Scale Chemistry". National Small-Scale Chemistry Centre. Colorado State University. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
^ Bradley, J D (1999). "Hands-on practical chemistry for all" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 71 (5): 817–823. doi:10.1351/pac199971050817. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
^ Mayo, D W; R M Pike; S S Butcher (1986). Microscale Organic Laboratory. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-82448-8.
^ Williamson, K L (1989). Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments. Lexington, Mass: D C Heath. ISBN 0-669-19429-8.
^ Breuer, S W (1996). Microscale Practical Organic Chemistry. Lancaster University. The text of the book is available in electronical format free from the author.
^ "MicroMiniSympo06Web". Retrieved 2006-12-30.
^ Aleya, H N (1974). Armchair Chemistry. A programmed Laboratory Manual. New Jersey: Princeton University.

Obendrauf, V.; Demonstration [3]

English Journal

A moving target-incorporating knowledge of the spatial ecology of fish into the assessment and management of freshwater fish populations.

Cooke SJ1, Martins EG2,3, Struthers DP2, Gutowsky LF2, Power M3, Doka SE4, Dettmers JM5, Crook DA6, Lucas MC7, Holbrook CM8, Krueger CC9.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2016 Apr;188(4):239. doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5228-0. Epub 2016 Mar 22.
Freshwater fish move vertically and horizontally through the aquatic landscape for a variety of reasons, such as to find and exploit patchy resources or to locate essential habitats (e.g., for spawning). Inherent challenges exist with the assessment of fish populations because they are moving target
PMID 27004432

Habitat residency and movement patterns of Centropomus parallelus juveniles in a subtropical estuarine complex.

Daros FA1,2, Spach HL2, Correia AT1,2,3.
Journal of fish biology.J Fish Biol.2016 Mar 29. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12944. [Epub ahead of print]
Sixty Centropomus parallelus juveniles were collected in March 2013 in two locations (Tromomó and Guaraguaçu) inside the Paranaguá estuarine complex, southern Brazil. The habitat residency and movement patterns of the individuals were inferred from Sr:Ca ratios and age recorded in the otoliths. D
PMID 27020945

Can analysis of Platichthys flesus otoliths provide relevant data on historical metal pollution in estuaries? Experimental and in situ approaches.

Selleslagh J1, Echard A2, Pécheyran C3, Baudrimont M4, Lobry J2, Daverat F2.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2016 Mar 17;557-558:20-30. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.014. [Epub ahead of print]
Despite recent efforts to manage them more efficiently, estuaries are natural sinks for a wide range of metal contaminants, many of which accumulate at potentially toxic concentrations for fish populations, posing a threat to recruitment and stocks. While analysis of metal concentrations in soft tis
PMID 26994790

Japanese Journal

In vitroバイオアッセイによる微量化学物質の包括的水環境診断

赤﨑千香子,郷右近順子,阿部郁子 [他]
宮城県保健環境センター年報 Annual report of Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment (31), 39-43, 2012
NAID 40019955316

Newcomers in the Baltic Sea : an attempt to trace the origins and whereabouts of thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus

SCHABER Matthias,MAROHN Lasse,PETEREIT Christoph,SCHROEDER Jan P.,ZUMHOLZ Karsten,HANEL Reinhold
Fisheries science : FS 77(5), 757-764, 2011-09-01
NAID 10029457455